A Narrative Review of Genetically Modified Organisms and Public Health in Nigeria: Balancing Benefits, Concerns, and Regulatory Challenges

Abstract

Background: Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are one of the most debated scientific innovations, sitting at the intersection of agriculture, biotechnology, ethics, and public health. They offer potential benefits such as improved yields, enhanced nutrition, and reduced pesticide use, but concerns about safety, biodiversity, and socio-economic inequities persist. This debate is particularly significant in low- and middle-income countries, where food insecurity and weak regulatory systems amplify both opportunities and risks. This review aims to define GMOs and outline the biotechnology tools used in their development, examine Nigeria’s regulatory and policy context, synthesize evidence on documented benefits and major concerns, and explore public health implications.

Methods: Evidence was drawn from peer-reviewed articles, international reports, and regulatory documents. Thematic synthesis was applied to categorize findings into biotechnology tools, regulatory approaches, benefits, concerns, and public health implications.

Results: GMOs developed through biotechnology tools have enabled traits such as pest resistance, herbicide tolerance, and bio-fortification. Documented benefits include higher yields, improved farmer income, reduced pesticide-related health risks, and nutrition enhancement through crops. However, potential allergenicity, ecological disruption, herbicide overuse, and seed dependency remain concerns. Indirect implications include socio-economic inequities, public mistrust, and cultural opposition. Nigeria’s regulatory framework progress but faces challenges of capacity, transparency, and public engagement.

Conclusion: GMOs hold promise for food security and public health but raise unresolved scientific, ecological, and equity concerns and dilemmas. Strengthening transparent regulation, post-release monitoring, and participatory dialogue is essential for balancing benefits and risks, ensuring that GMO adoption contributes sustainably to health and development.