Ibom Medical Journal

Knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding the use of spirometry among healthcare professionals in South-south Nigeria: a cross-sectional study

Ehondor OT — 2026-07-01

Context: Spirometry is the gold standard pulmonary function test for diagnosing and monitoring obstructive and restrictive airway diseases. Despite its established utility, its use remains suboptimal in Nigeria. This study assessed the knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding spirometry among healthcare professionals and identified independent predictors of good spirometry practice.

Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 210 healthcare professionals from tertiary, secondary, primary and private hospitals across Nigeria using purposive sampling. A structured, pre-tested, self-administered questionnaire assessed knowledge of spirometry indications and diagnostic criteria, attitudes towards its clinical utility across seven indications and self-reported practice frequency. Good spirometry practice was defined as using spirometry sometimes or often/always. Bivariate associations were examined using chi-square and Mann-Whitney U tests and independent predictors were identified by binary logistic regression. Data were analysed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 27.0.

Results: The mean age of respondents was 41.6 ± 8.5 years; 54.8% were males. Registrars constituted 59.0% and 60.5% practiced in tertiary hospitals. Medical school was the dominant knowledge source (81.0%). Self-assessed knowledge was good or excellent in 83.8%. Attitudes were strongly positive, with 94.8% rating spirometry very important for diagnosis. However, only 25.2% used spirometry often or always and 50.0% were only slightly confident in interpretation. Spirometers were unavailable in 65.2% of hospitals. On logistic regression, good or excellent self-assessed knowledge (AOR=11.60; 95% CI: 3.91–34.37; p<0.001) and registrar cadre (AOR=0.23; 95% CI: 0.09–0.61; p=0.003) were the independent predictors of good spirometry practice.

Conclusion: Nigerian healthcare professionals demonstrate positive attitudes but a significant practice gap in spirometry use. Self-assessed knowledge is the strongest independent predictor of good practice. Targeted post-qualification training and the urgent procurement of spirometers are essential.

Impact of Chronic Polyurethane Paint Aerosol Exposure on Respiratory impairment, Inflammatory makers, and Hemodynamic Parameters among Spray painters in Calabar Municipality

Utionkpan LP — 2026-07-01

Context: Polyurethane paint is a reactive polymer made from polyol resin and isocyanates to produce a durable and resistant coating.

Objective: This study assessed the impact of chronic polyurethane paint aerosols on respiratory impairment, inflammatory markers, and hemodynamic parameters among spray painters in Calabar Municipality.

Materials and Method: A total of one hundred and forty six (n=146) eligible male participants, aged 20-40 yrs were recruited, and categorized into two groups of 73 participants per group; group I include Spray painters and group II comprised of Control subjects (n=73). Demographic data were obtained from all participants. Pulmonary function test was performed using a spirometer, lung parameters assessed include; Forced Vital Capacity [FVC], Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second [FEV1], percentage of Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 [FEV1%], and Peak Expiratory Flow [PEF]). Hemodynamic indices was recorded using standard clinical instruments. Venous blood samples were analyzed for C-reactive protein and Interleukin-6 levels using ELISA kits.

Result: Group I showed significantly(P<0.001) reduced lung indices (FVC, FEV1 and PEF), suggesting presence of respiratory impairment. There was significant (P<0.001) increase in C-rP and IL-6 levels among the spray painters compared to control participants, indicating state of chronic systemic inflammation. Also, hemodynamic indices specifically systolic and diastolic pressures were significantly (P<0.001) higher in spray painters, indicating elevated cardiovascular stress.

Conclusion: Chronic occupational exposure to polyurethane paint aerosols is strongly linked to heightened inflammatory responses, diminished lung function, and elevated blood pressure. These findings highlight the need for improved occupational safety standard and periodic health screening for workers in the painting industry.

Determinants of MPOX Vaccine dropout in Approved Vaccination Centers in Rivers State, Nigeria

Nwadiaru CB — 2026-07-01

Background: Mpox, formerly known as monkeypox, has emerged as a significant public health concern in Nigeria, particularly in the south-south region, with Rivers State identified as one of the states with confirmed cases. This study aimed to determine the Mpox vaccine dropout rate between the first and second doses, vaccine completion rate and identify factors associated with vaccine dropout in approved vaccination centers in Rivers State, Nigeria.

Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 768 eligible individuals aged 18 years and above, comprising first-line health workers, immunocompromised individuals, and all persons who visited three approved vaccination centers between December 2024 and January 2025. Data was collected using a pretested, validated, interviewer-administered questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics.

Results: Most participants were female (57.3%), within the 36-60 years age group, and 45.2% resided within a 5 km radius of a vaccination center. The study found a dropout rate of 44.3% (340 out of 768), which was statistically significant (χ² = 121.743. Factors significantly associated with dropout included older age, female sex, vaccination at the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital (UPTH), and residing more than 5 km from the vaccination center. Multivariate analysis revealed that sex, vaccination site, and proximity to the center were independent predictors of MPOX vaccine dropout.

Conclusion: The high dropout rate emphasizes the need for targeted interventions to improve vaccine completion, such as ensuring consistent vaccine supply, decentralizing vaccination services, providing reminder systems, and offering flexible scheduling to enhance full vaccination coverage and reduce dropouts in future campaigns.

Bacterial pharyngotonsillitis and antimicrobial sensitivity in adults in a tertiary health facility in north west Nigeria

Udo-Affah AG — 2026-07-01

Background: Pharyngotonsillitis is inflammation of the pharynx and tonsils, characterised by increased redness, exudate, ulceration, and membranes over it. The most common bacterial cause is Streptococcus pyogenes. Although the diagnosis is clinical, throat culture is the gold standard for confirmation. The aim was to determine the pattern of bacterial pharyngotonsillitis and antimicrobial sensitivities among adults at a tertiary health facility in North West Nigeria.

Materials and Methods: This was a hospital-based, descriptive, cross-sectional study of adults presenting to the outpatient clinic of Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital (UDUTH), Sokoto. The study period spanned January 2024 to July 2024. Interviewer-administered questionnaires were filled out by consenting adults, and throat swabs were taken for bacteriology and antimicrobial sensitivity.

Results: 120 adult patients. Most of them were female (95, 79.2%), and the rest were male (25, 20.8%), with a ratio of M: F 1:1.4. The majority of the participants reported odynophagia (100%), sore throat (114, 95%), and fever (60, 50%). About 83 (69.2%) of respondents were off antibiotics for the last four weeks, (42, 35.8%) had URTI, (39,32.5%) had lived with and had a primary relative with similar complaints.

The prevalence of bacterial pharyngotonsillitis in adults was 84.2%. Most isolated bacteria were Streptococcus Pyogenes, 54.5%, closely followed by Staphylococcus aureus 44.5%, Streptococcus Pyogenes was highly sensitive to Levofloxacin (70.9%), followed by Azithromycin (65.5%). Staphylococcus aureus was also sensitive to Levofloxacin (82.2%) and azithromycin (68.9%), and resistant to meropenem and some cephalosporins.

Conclusion: Group A β-haemolytic streptococci remain a major cause of bacterial pharyngotonsillitis. Levofloxacin and azithromycin demonstrated higher sensitivity against S. pyogenes and Staph. aureus, whereas meropenem and some cephalosporins exhibited resistance, which is worrisome. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant clinical isolates highlights the need for local sensitivity and empirical use of levofloxacin and azithromycin where facilities are absent.

Attitude and perception of nurses towards implementation and utilization of nursing audit in University of Uyo Teaching Hospital, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

Udo AE — 2026-07-01

Context: Nursing audit is a quality assurance tool in nursing care. The study aims to assess the attitude and perception of nurses towards the implementation and utilisation of Nursing Audit (NA) at the University of Uyo Teaching Hospital (UUTH), Akwa Ibom State.

Materials and Methods: The Theory of Planned Behaviour by Icek Ajzen guided the study framework using a descriptive cross sectional design. A total of 280 consenting nurses across all departments of UUTH were selected via simple random sampling method. A structured questionnaire addressing three research questions captured data on socio-demographic characteristics, attitude, perception, and barriers to Nursing audit implementation. Data were subjected to descriptive statistics.

Results: The majority of respondents were female nurses (236,84.2%), aged 31-40 years (110,39.3%), with (120,42.9%) holding a Bachelor of Science in Nursing. While (237,84.6%) acknowledged that Nursing audit helps identify areas for improvement in services (189,67.4%) resisted Nursing audit when not well informed, (211,75.4%) viewed Nursing audit as increased workload (174,62.2%), and considered it a waste of time. Also, (238,85%) agreed that Nursing audit fosters transparency and accountability, and (266,95%) affirmed it promotes evidence-based practice. Conversely, 182, 65% lacked the skills to conduct audits, and 196,70% felt it diverts attention from patient care. Limited resources (203,72.1%), insufficient time (168, 59.7%), and fear of criticism (182,65%) were the principal barriers to Nursing audit implementation and utilisation. Notably, 186,66.7% reported using the nursing process in patient management.

Conclusion and Recommendation: The study identified varied attitudes and perceptions of nurses towards nursing audit, with predominantly positive perceptions of its value for quality care but significantly negative attitudes toward its implementation. Limited resources, increased workload, fear of criticism, and poor awareness were barriers to its implementation and utilisation. Therefore, structured orientation programs to improve awareness and competence in nursing audit, while providing adequate resources to facilitate its effective implementation and utilisation by the University of Uyo Teaching Hospital Management, is imperative.

Assessment of Sexual Health practices and experiences of In-School Adolescents in a Rural Community in Rivers State, Nigeria

Oku AO — 2026-07-01

Context: Adolescents' sexual health practices have emerged as a major public health concern. Several studies report that adolescents engage in unhealthy sexual behaviour that predisposes them to reproductive health problems. This study therefore aimed at assessing the sexual health practices and experiences of in-school adolescents in a rural community in Rivers State.

Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study among 231 in-school adolescents in Edagberi Better land community of Rivers State was conducted. Community Secondary school Edagberi is one of Renaissance Africa Energy Company supported schools. A self-administered adapted WHO Sexual Health assessment of practices and experiences (SHAPE) questionnaire was used to elicit information and data analyzed using SPSS version 25.0.

Results: The mean age of respondents was 14.4 ± 2.13 years. The prevalence of sexually exposed in-school adolescents was (14.3%) with mean age at first sexual intercourse of 13.6 ± 2.84 years. The main reasons for indulging in sexual activity were just for pleasure 48.5%, watched it on television/ internet 33.3% and forced by someone 33.3%. More students initiated sexual activity early (90.9%), had multiple sexual partners (51.5%) and engaged in unprotected sex (36.3%). Predictors of sexual exposure were male sex (OR 2.98; 95% CI 1.24 -3.92), being > 14 years (OR 1.86 95% CI 0.62- 0.82) and from a polygamous family (OR 2.13; 95%CI 0.13-0.87).

Conclusions: With 14.3% of adolescents engaging in sexual activity, the authors recommends that appropriate sexual and reproductive health interventions targeted at male students, older than 14 years and from a polygamous family should be implemented.

Aqueous Extract of Carica papaya Leaves Protects Against Streptozotocin-Induced Renal Oxidative Stress and Dysfunction

Adebayo OF — 2026-07-01

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a global health challenge frequently complicated by oxidative stress–mediated nephropathy, and the nephroprotective potential of Carica papaya leaves remains underexplored. This study investigated the renoprotective potential of aqueous extract and fractions of Carica papaya leaves in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic Wistar rats.

Methods: Thirty-six male Wistar rats were divided into six groups: normal control, STZ-diabetic control, metformin (200 mg/kg), n-hexane fraction (400 mg/kg), aqueous extract (200 mg/kg), and aqueous extract of Carica papaya (400 mg/kg). Diabetes was induced with streptozotocin (50 mg/kg, i.p.), and treatments were administered orally for 42 days. Body weight, fasting glucose, insulin, renal function indices, oxidative stress markers, and renal histology were evaluated.

Results: STZ-diabetic rats exhibited hyperglycaemia (16.93 ± 0.52 mmol/L), insulin depletion (5.33 ± 1.24 mIU/L), and renal impairment with elevated creatinine (94.89 ± 10.95 µmol/L) and urea (104.87 ± 13.92 mg/dL). Treatment with Carica papaya significantly (p ≤ 0.05) improved these parameters. The aqueous extract of Carica papaya (400 mg/kg) reduced glucose (4.93 ± 1.11 mmol/L), increased insulin (11.24 ± 0.56 mIU/L), and lowered creatinine (55.54 ± 0.76 µmol/L) and urea (54.86 ± 1.19 mg/dL). The n-hexane fraction produced the strongest antioxidant effect, restoring Superoxide dismutase (65.00 ± 1.57 U/mL), Catalase (45.67 ± 0.60 U/mg protein), and Gluthatione (9.57 ± 0.87 mM), while reducing Malonaldehyde (7.00 ± 0.62 µM). Histology showed that while untreated diabetic rats exhibited severe renal damage, metformin and Carica papaya leaf fractions offered varying degrees of nephroprotection

Conclusion: Carica papaya leaf extract, especially at higher doses and in its n-hexane fraction, protects against diabetic renal injury by improving glycaemic control, enhancing antioxidant status, and preserving kidney function.

Assessment of practice of personal hygiene among primary school pupils in Calabar South L.G.A, Cross River State, Nigeria

Akpet OE — 2026-07-01

Context: The foundations of lifelong responsibility for the maintenance of personal hygiene are laid down in childhood, for healthy adulthood, and for the development of positive values about health and the use of health services. Children of school age are vulnerable to communicable diseases in the school environment due to lack of adequate knowledge, the practice of and attitudes to personal hygiene. For example, lack of hand washing and not bathing regularly, play important roles in the high incidence of communicable diseases and therefore have deleterious effects on a child’s long-term overall development. Few studies on this topic have been conducted among primary school pupils in Nigeria, and there is a paucity of data in Calabar South LGA on a similar topic.

Objective: This study aimed to assess the practice of personal hygiene among primary school pupils in Calabar South, Cross River State, Nigeria.

Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study design was adopted. Multistage sampling was used to select participants for the study. Semi-structured self-administered pretested questionnaire were used for data collection.

Results: The mean age of the respondents was 9.7 ±1.9 years. Majority 189(58.4%) of the respondents were 9-11 years and the highest proportion 127(39.2%) of the respondents being pupils of primary class level 4. The overall practice of personal hygiene revealed that 69.4% of the pupils had good personal hygiene practices while 30.6% had poor personal hygiene practices.

Conclusion: This study revealed an overall fair practice of personal hygiene among primary school pupils. Parents, teachers, school management and governments should ensure that pupils sustain and improve this practice of personal hygiene.

Correlation between gait speed and severity of knee osteoarthritis in a Nigerian population

Oduware OI — 2026-07-01

Context: The prevalence of knee osteoarthritis (OA) is rising in Nigeria. Since X-ray imaging is often unavailable in rural areas, clinicians may rely on functional assessments like gait speed to evaluate disease severity.

Objective: To determine the association between Kellgren and Lawrence (K & L) grades 3 and 4 severity of knee Osteoarthritis and gait speed amongst patients seen at University of Benin Teaching Hospital.

Materials and Methods: This was a 12 month hospital based descriptive cross sectional study carried out on 56 adult patients with K & L 3 and 4 Knee OA in the University of Benin Teaching Hospital (UBTH). Participants were requested to walk a distance of 5 metres as fast as possible and safely (without the use of any walking aid) without running, after 15 minutes of rest. Timing was recorded with a stopwatch. This was repeated once and gait speed was measured using metre per seconds as an average of the two performances. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 22.

Results: K&L grade 3 knee OA was present in 60.7 %( n= 34) of participants, while 39.3% (n = 22) presented with K&L grade 4 knee OA. A statistically significant inverse association was observed between gait speed and knee OA severity (p=0.001). Mean gait speed was 1.09±0.18m/s for grade 3 subjects with most ranging between 1.0 and 1.5m/s. Conversely, mean gait speed for grade 4 subjects was 0.75±0.19m/s, with the majority falling below 1.0m/s.

Conclusions: Gait speed is inversely associated with the K & L grades of Knee OA severity in the Nigerian population. Thus, measuring gait speed provides a simple tool to grade advanced disease severity and facilitate early specialist referrals in resource –limited settings.

Food safety and hygiene practices among students at the University of Calabar, Nigeria

Onyenweaku EO — 2026-07-01

Background: Food safety is a critical public health concern due to the health and economic burden of foodborne diseases. Given the high population of young adults in universities, assessing students’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices is essential to identify gaps and inform targeted interventions to improve food hygiene and reduce risks.

Objectives: This study assessed the knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to food safety and hygiene among undergraduate students at the University of Calabar, Nigeria.

Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional survey design was adopted, and data were collected from 165 students selected through stratified random sampling. A semi-structured questionnaire was used for data collection; this was analyzed using SPSS version 25.

Results: Among the participants, 73.3% demonstrated good knowledge of food safety, 26.7% had poor knowledge, 60% exhibited positive attitudes, while 40% recorded negative attitudes regarding food safety and hygiene. In terms of practices, 67.9% of respondents reported good food handling and hygiene practices, while 32.1% demonstrated poor practices. Specific behaviors included washing hands before cooking (71.5%), washing fruits and vegetables before use (78.2%), keeping cooking surfaces and utensils clean (85.5%), and always separating raw and cooked foods (75.2%). Despite generally good knowledge and practices, gaps were observed in areas such as reheating leftovers (69.7%) and proper storage of cooked food (72.1%).

Conclusion: The participants generally demonstrated good knowledge, positive attitudes, and moderate food hygiene practices, but gaps remain in specific behaviors. Targeted food safety education, practical training, and improved access to hygiene facilities are needed to reinforce safe practices and reduce the risk of foodborne illnesses.

HOMA-IR Values and Dysglycaemic Patterns among Patients with Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD) at a Tertiary Health Centre in Nigeria

Abang IE — 2026-07-01

Background: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) coexisting with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are increasingly prevalent although the underlying mechanisms remain unlear. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of T2DM and prediabetes among patients with MASLD and to evaluate the role of insulin resistance in the development of dysglycaemia.

Methodology: This hospital-based cross-sectional study included 109 adult patients with MASLD attending the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital over a 12-month period. Anthropometric measurements and fasting blood samples were obtained following informed consent and ethical approval. Fasting plasma glucose and fasting insulin concentrations were measured, and insulin resistance was assessed using the Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR).

Results: A total of 109 participants were enrolled, comprising 47 (43.1%) males and 62 (56.9%) females, with a mean age of 54.8 ± 7.2 years. Based on ADA criteria, 51 (46.8%) participants had type 2 diabetes mellitus, 19 (17.4%) had prediabetes, and 39 (35.8%) had normal glycaemic status. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus increased with the severity of hepatic steatosis and was highest among participants with grade 3 fatty liver. HOMA-IR values were elevated in all patients with MASLD, with progressively higher values observed among those with prediabetes and highest among those with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and prediabetes among patients with MASLD attending a tertiary healthcare facility. The findings suggest that insulin resistance is strongly associated with dysglycaemia and may play an important role in the metabolic disturbances associated with MASLD.

Knowledge and Practices of Oral Wound Care Following Oral Surgery Procedures: A Cross-Sectional Study among Dental Outpatients at the University of Uyo Teaching Hospital

Nwashindi A — 2026-07-01

Context: Adequate knowledge and appropriate oral wound-care practices are essential for uneventful healing after dental procedures, yet patient-level of understanding and adherence to postoperative instructions remain poorly characterized.

Objective: To assess knowledge and self-reported oral wound-care practices among patients at a dental outpatient clinic and identify sociodemographic and clinical factors associated with adequate knowledge and practice.

Materials and Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted among 102 consecutive patients attending the dental outpatient department of a tertiary centre over a one-year period. Data were collected using a pretested, structured self-administered questionnaire comprising sociodemographic items, a 15-item knowledge scale, and a 12-item practice scale. Scores were categorized as adequate (≥60% correct). Multivariable logistic regression identified independent predictors.

Results: Approximately 52.9% were females; the mean age was 36.4 years (SD 12.3). Adequate knowledge was demonstrated by 56 (54.9%) of respondents, while inadequate knowledge was reported by only 46 (45.1%). The most frequent knowledge gap was identifying signs of wound infection (38.2%, correct). Higher educational attainment (aOR 3.12; 95% CI 1.87–5.20; P<0.001), prior dental experience (aOR 2.44; 95% CI 1.51–3.95; P<0.001), and receipt of written postoperative instructions (aOR 4.01; 95% CI 2.38–6.75; P<0.001) were significant independent predictors of adequate knowledge and practice.

Conclusion: Knowledge and practice of oral wound care are suboptimal, with deficits in infection recognition and dietary compliance. Written postoperative instructions are the most modifiable predictor, offering a readily implementable target for improving outcomes.

Lived experiences of diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis patients receiving directly observed treatment short course at the University of Uyo Teaching Hospital, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

Abudu OO — 2026-07-01

Context: Tuberculosis remains a major public health concern in Nigeria, yet limited attention has been given to the lived experiences of patients undergoing the Directly Observed Treatment Short Course (DOTS), particularly in Akwa Ibom State.

Objectives: This study explored the lived experiences of diagnostic journeys and treatment challenges among TB patients receiving DOTS at the University of Uyo Teaching Hospital.

Materials and Methods: The study used a phenomenological design enabled in-depth interviews with 20 purposively selected participants who had been on treatment for three to six months. Rigour was ensured through credibility, dependability, transferability, and confirmability. Data were analysed using Tesch’s open-coding method and results presented in tables.

Results: Themes that highlighted delayed diagnosis, misinterpreted symptoms, emotional distress, and systemic barriers to healthcare access were documented. Participants described shock, fear, stigma, and financial constraints that prolonged help-seeking. Treatment experiences were marked by severe medication side effects, high pill burden, and difficulties maintaining adherence, often leading to temporary discontinuation. Despite these challenges, support from family and healthcare workers played a crucial role in sustaining treatment.

Conclusion: The findings underscore the need for improved diagnostic access, enhanced patient support systems, and strengthened counselling to promote adherence and improve treatment outcomes.

Predictors of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Among Antenatal Population in a Tertiary Hospital: Role of Biomarkers of Insulin Resistance

Ugwu SB — 2026-07-01

Context: Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is any degree of impaired glucose tolerance with onset or first recognition during pregnancy. This condition affects many pregnancies and has its varied complications for both mother and child. This study aims to analyse the role of biomarkers of insulin resistance in GDM among women attending antenatal care (ANC) clinic at the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital (UCTH), Calabar.

Materials and Methods: A total of 180 pregnant women between 24 and 28 weeks of gestation attending ANC at UCTH Calabar were enrolled for the study. After obtaining ethical approval and informing the women, participants who consented had OGTT done by administration of 75g of glucose after a 12-hour overnight fast.Samples were collected and assayed for fasting plasma insulin, fasting plasma glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, HOMA-IR, and HOMA-β. A well-structured questionnaire containing information on demographic characteristics, socioeconomic status, and obstetric and gynaecological characteristics were obtained and assessed for association with biochemical findingsA p-value of less than 0.05 was considered significant .

Results: Out of the 180 women enrolled in the study, most were either overweight (38.3%) or obese (38.9%). Most of the women with GDM were primigravida (40%) and para 1 (37.3%), had previous caesarean section (52.8%), previous preterm delivery (95.4%), and previous stillbirth (45.8%). Based on risk factor assessment, ironically, 45.6% (majority) of women with GDM were of low risk, 29.5% of average risk, and 13.2% of high risk. Elevated fasting plasma glucose (FPG) was found in 30.6%, fasting plasma insulin (FPI) in 41.1%, triglycerides (TG) in 11.1%, total cholesterol (TC) in 51.1%, and insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) in 67.8%. Of these biomarkers, FPG (p = 0.000) and HOMA-IR (p = 0.004) were found to be significantly associated with the development of GDM.

Conclusion: Insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) were significantly related to the development of GDM.

Prevalence and pattern of adverse events following immunization among children in South-western state, Nigeria: a cross-sectional study among mothers attending immunisation clinics

Ilori OR — 2026-07-01

Context: Adverse Events Following Immunization (AEFI) contribute immensely to child morbidity and mortality as they often lead to low uptake of vaccines with consequent persistence of vaccine-preventable diseases. This study assessed knowledge, prevalence and patterns of adverse events following immunization among children attending immunization clinics in Osogbo, Osun State.

Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 244 mothers of infant 0-24 years attending immunization clinics in Osogbo using a multistage sampling technique. Data were collected using a pre-tested, semi-structured, interviewer-administered questionnaire. Chi-Squared test and binary logistic regression model were used for inferential statistics at p < 0.05.

Results: One hundred and seventy-five (72.6%) children experienced one form of AEFI or the other before. Fever (103,42.4%) was the most frequently mentioned AEFI. One hundred and forty-four (57.8%) respondents have poor knowledge of AEFI. Pentavalent vaccine (112, 46.9%) was the commonest antigen among respondents responsible for AEFI. Birth order of baby (p-= 0.001) and antenatal clinic attendance (p= 0.042) were statistically significantly associated with knowledge of AEFI.

Conclusion: Knowledge of AEFI among respondents was sub-optimal. The need for continuous sensitization of mothers during antenatal and immunization clinics is strongly recommended as this will go a long way in early identification and prompt reporting of AEFI to the appropriate quarters for immediate management.

Prevalence and predictors of diabetes mellitus among adult population in delta central senatorial district of Delta State, Nigeria

Ukoba O — 2026-07-01

Context: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a growing global health priority with a rapidly increasing prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa.

Objective: This study evaluated the prevalence and predictors of DM among adults in the Delta Central Senatorial District of Delta State, Nigeria.

Materials and Methods: A community-based, descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 536 adults recruited via multistage sampling. Data on demographics and anthropometrics were collected using a structured proforma. Glycemic status was determined by measuring Random Blood Sugar (RBS) after an 8-hour fast using an ACCU-CHEK Advantage II glucometer, with classification (normoglycemic, pre-diabetes, and diabetes) based on WHO criteria. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25. Linear regression analysis was used to determine predictors of DM, with significance set at p<0.05.

Results: The mean age of the participants was 37.93±13.81 years, with a female preponderance (58.8%). The Urhobo ethnic group constituted 41% of the cohort. More than half of the participants (56.2%) were overweight. The prevalence of pre-diabetes and diabetes was 26.4% and 24.2%, respectively. Strong positive predictors of DM included family history (r=0.90, R2=0.81, p<0.05), Body Mass Index (r=0.89, R2=0.80, p<0.05), and sleep patterns (r=0.87, R2=0.76, p<0.05). Cigarette smoking was identified as a moderate predictor (r=0.77, R2=0.59, p<0.05).

Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of diabetes and pre-diabetes among adults in Delta Central Senatorial District. Modifiable factors such as BMI and sleep patterns, alongside non-modifiable family history, are significant drivers of the disease. Targeted interventions, including routine screening and lifestyle modification programs, are essential to mitigate the region’s growing diabetes burden.

Prevalence and symptoms of peripheral artery disease in diabetic patients: In-hospital survey with modified Edinburgh Claudication Questionnaire

Ekpe EE — 2026-07-01

Context: Between 2000 and 2010 the prevalence of peripheral artery disease (PAD) increased by 23% worldwide due to a growing and aging global population, an increased number of patients with diabetes, and smoking. Furthermore, symptomatic PAD is associated with a 29% rate of silent myocardial infarction. Therefore, primary prevention of PAD, and its morbidity and mortality call for increased researches. This study aims to determine the prevalence of PAD and its symptoms among diabetic patients attending the University of Uyo Teaching Hospital, Uyo (UUTH).

Materials and Methods: The study utilized a cross-sectional study design utilizing modified Edinburgh Claudication Questionnaire on all consenting diabetic patients who meet the inclusion criteria. Patients with incomplete data were excluded.

Results: There were 99 diabetic patients studied and analyzed with M:F = 1:1.4 and mean age 56.2 ±9.9 years. Using the PAD diagnostic criteria in ECQ, the prevalence of PAD was 51.5%. Fifty-one percent had been diabetic for more than 10 years, 44% for 1-10 years, and 5% for less than one year. Sixty-one percent had ever been treated with insulin injection, 41% were currently on insulin therapy, while 69% were on oral hypoglycaemic drugs and10% were on combined therapy. The mean HbA1c was 7.8%. Forty-four percent, 27% and 29% of the patients were overweight, obese and normo-body weight respectively. Twenty-eight percent of the patients were hypertensive for more than 10 years and 14% for 1-9 years, therefore making hypertension co-morbidity in 42%. Only 2% of the patients were smokers. The symptomatology study was analysis of the responses of the study participants to the Edinburgh Claudication Questionnaire instrument. Leg pain or discomfort that starts on walking and aggravated uphill, and disappears after about 10 minutes of resting or similar characteristic pain in the calf or buttock was noted.
Conclusion: The prevalence of PAD in diabetic patients in UUTH is 51%. Further research will reveal the pattern, severity and risk factors.

Prospective study comparing serial debulking strategy and traditional method for graft donor site management: impact on length of hospital stay

Ekpo RG — 2026-07-01

Skin graft donor site morbidity can be devastating and often time leads to prolonged duration of length of hospital stay. The use of serial debulking strategy in the management of skin graft donor site wounds was found to be associated with decrease burden of donor site morbidities and shorter duration of length of hospital stay.

The study was a prospective Quasi -experimental research. The participants were assigned into two groups based on non-randomised criteria.

Results: sixty-seven patients participated in the study. Twenty-seven (27) were managed with the traditional approach and the remaining forty (40) were managed using the serial debulking approach. The mean duration of re-epithelization of the donor site wounds were 32.7± 5.6 days for the s traditional approach and 19.6±2.6 days for the serial debulking strategy.
The mean length of hospitalization ±SD (days) were 58.1±3.7 for traditional approach and 34.8 ±2.8 for the serial debulking strategy and both methods were equally statistically significant.

Conclusion: The innovative serial debulking strategy for the management of skin graft donor site wound have been found to be associated with less donor site morbidities, faster and satisfactory re-epithelization of donor site wound and a significant shorter duration of length of hospital stay.

Therefore, we advocate the use of serial debulking strategy in the management of skin graft site wounds while calling for further research to compare serial debulking strategy and use of advance dressing materials for management of skin graft donor site wounds.

Sleep quality and academic performance of clinical students at the University of Calabar, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria

Ekpenyong NO — 2026-07-01

Context: Sleep is central to numerous human physiological functions, in particular learning capacity, memory consolidation, neurocognitive functions and mental health. However, the demands and expectations of a high-pressured occupation and course of learning such as medicine and medical studies may place increased strain on time, thereby resulting in varied coping mechanism including cutting back on sleep. This can affect the learning and academic performance of students. This study aims to assess the effect of sleep quality on perceived academic performance of clinical students in a tertiary institution in Nigeria.

Materials and Methods: This study was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted among 392 clinical students of the University of Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria selected through simple random sampling technique.
Data collection was by the use of a self-administered semi-structured questionnaire adapted from the standardized Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Chi square was used to test for associations between sleep quality and academic performance. Level of significance was set at P <0.05

Results: Respondents had a mean sleep duration of 5.1±1.2 hours, with a range of 2-8 hours, with 67.5% reporting poor sleep quality as measured by PSQI. There was a significant association between poor sleep quality and poor academic performance (P <0.006).

Conclusion: Most respondents in this study had poor sleep quality which was significantly associated with poor academic performance. Findings from this study holds policy implication for decision makers, and school managers to seek ways to encourage better sleep quality amongst clinical students.

Quercetin reverses chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced depression and behavioural abnormalities in Swiss mice

Ologe MO — 2026-07-01

Context: Chronic stress is a known trigger of inflammatory responses and oxidative stress that underpin the pathogenesis of depression. Although quercetin is a flavonoid widely known for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and adaptogenic effects, its potential against stress-related depression has not been fully studied.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effect of quercetin on chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS)-induced depression in mice.

Materials and Methods: Swiss mice were divided into four groups of seven animals each. Group 1 received vehicle, group 2 received vehicle, and groups 3 and 4 received quercetin (12.5 mg/kg and 25 mg/kg, respectively). All animals except those in group 1 were exposed daily to unpredictable stressors for twenty-one days. Behavioural studies were carried out twenty-four hours after the last treatment (day 22). The mice were anaesthetized and sacrificed, and their brain samples were removed for histology and biochemical assays of proinflammatory cytokines. The data was analysed using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and a post hoc test. The level of significance was set at p<0.05.

Results: Compared with vehicle treatment, CUMS induced behavioural dysfunction by significantly decreasing grooming activity in the sucrose splash test and increasing immobility time in the forced swim test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST). CUMS also increased proinflammatory cytokine levels in the brain and reduced the arborization of dendritic cells. All these parameters were significantly reversed (p<0.05) by quercetin (12.5 mg/kg and 25 mg/kg).

Conclusion: Our results showed that quercetin significantly attenuated depressive symptoms in CUMS-exposed mice and exerted neuroprotective effects by markedly inhibiting the reduction in the arborization of dendritic cells in the brain. This neuroprotective effect may be due to the inhibition of neuroinflammatory cytokines.

The "Trace Mineral Fingerprint" as a Predictor of Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance Progression in Type 2 Diabetics

Eworo RE — 2026-07-01

Context: Trace minerals imbalance has been implicated in the progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Aim: This study assessed the levels of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), superoxide dismutase (SOD), insulin (INS), HbA1c and chromium (Cr) in subjects with T2DM.

Materials and Methods: This case-control study enrolled 45 T2DM patients attending diabetes Clinic at the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital and 45 age-matched non-diabetic controls. The fasting plasma glucose (FPG), HbA1c and Super oxide dismutase, SOD were determined by colorimetry and insulin by ELISA method. Serum Cu, Zn, Fe, and Cr were determined by Atomic Absorption Mass Spectrometry. The HOMA-IR, HOMA-IR/HbA1c, Cu/Zn, Fe/Zn and Cu/Fe ratios were computed. Data generated were analyzed using SPSS version 27, (IBM, USA). The ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc analyses, Receiver Operator Characteristic curve (ROC) was utilized to determine the performance metrics of the indices. The normality of the data was determined by Shapiro-Wilk test. The confidence interval was set to 95% at α =0.05.

Results: The FPG, INS, Cu, Fe, Fe/Zn Cu/Zn, HOMA-IR, and HOMA-IR/HbA1c levels were significantly higher while Zn, SOD and Cr were significantly lower in diabetics subjects with HbA1c <7% and ≥ 7% than in controls (p<0.05). The HbA1c correlated positively with Fe/Zn (r=0.582, p=0.000). At potential cutoff of 1.558 Cu/Zn demonstrated AUC of 0.781, with a sensitivity of 71%%, Gini index of 0.562 and K-S metrics of 0.622 in predicting poor glycaemic control.

Conclusion: Trace mineral fingerprint may complement HbA1c and HOMA-IR in monitoring glycaemic control and rising insulin resistance in T2DM.

The impact of smoking on Tooth extraction Healing among Adults at a tertiary health facility in southern Nigeria: A prospective Cohort Analysis

Nwashindi A — 2026-07-01

Context: Cigarette smoking is a recognised contributor to compromised wound healing; however, its precise effect on postoperative outcomes following routine dental extractions in general practice remains unclear.

Aim: To evaluate the effect of smoking on alveolar osteitis incidence, postoperative pain, soft tissue healing, and infection after dental extraction.

Materials and Methods: This prospective cohort study enrolled 420 adults (220 smokers, 200 non smokers) undergoing 620 extractions at the Oral and Maxillofacial Unit, University of Uyo Teaching Hospital (February 2022–January 2026). Extractions followed standardised protocols. Smokers were stratified as light (<10), moderate (10–19), or heavy (≥20 cigarettes/day). Primary outcome: alveolar osteitis. Secondary outcomes: pain (Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) at 24 h, days 3 and 7), soft tissue healing (modified Landry index at days 7 and 14), infection, and mucosal coverage time. Multivariable logistic regression adjusted for age, sex, tooth type, and surgical difficulty.

Results: Alveolar osteitis occurred in 9.7% of sockets: 13.3% in smokers vs 5.5% in non smokers (adjusted OR 2.45; 95% CI 1.33–4.50; P=0.004). A dose–response gradient was observed: 8.2%, 12.5%, and 18.6% in light, moderate, and heavy smokers, respectively. Smokers had higher pain scores at 24 h and day 3, delayed healing (Landry ≥4 at day 7: 54.2% vs 70.9%; P<0.001), and increased infection (5.8% vs 2.1%; adjusted OR 2.30; 95% CI 1.05–5.02; P=0.04).

Conclusion: Smoking is an independent, dose dependent risk factor for alveolar osteitis, pain, delayed healing, and infection after extraction, supporting routine perioperative smoking cessation counselling in oral surgical care.

Treatment Outcomes of Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B at a tertiary hospital in Nigeria: A 5 Year Retrospective study

Obasi E — 2026-07-01

Context: Hepatitis B virus infection (HBV) is a global public health problem and a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Nigeria. This study determined the different treatment outcomes of patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection and their associated factors in Nigeria.

Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective descriptive cross sectional study carried out at a tertiary hospital in Nigeria from January, 2018 to December 2022. The records of the adults diagnosed and managed for chronic HBV infection were retrieved. Data extracted included demographics, biochemical and hematological parameters, HBV panels and viral loads. These were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics.

Results: A total of 362 patients aged between 17 and 80 years, with a mean age (SD) of 42.4 (11.7) years were studied and 285(79.0%) were alive and in care. Majority of our patients achieved adequate virologic response 257(90.2%) and biochemical normalization 262 (92%). Virologic breakthrough was observed in 18(6.3%). Ten (3.5%) patients achieved HBsAg loss, which was more prevalent in patients treated with pegylated interferon plus nucleoside analogue (NA) therapy 5(50%) than those treated with nucleotide analogue only 3(30%). Poor drug adherence (86.7%), APRI Score ≥ 0.6 (66.7%), co-infections hepatitis C virus 9 (60%) and presence of diabetes mellitus (DM) (73.3%) were associated with poor treatment outcomes (P<0.005).

Conclusion: Adequate virologic response and biochemical normalization were the common treatment outcomes achieved in this cohort. HBsAg loss was achieved in few patients (higher with pegylated interferon plus NA therapy). Individuals with poor drug adherence, APRI Score≥ 0.6, Co-infection with HCV and DM need to be closely monitored to prevent virologic failure.

Vitamin D status in patients treated for prostate diseases in a tertiary hospital, in Calabar, south-south, Nigeria

Eyam ES — 2026-07-01

Context: Vitamin D deficiency is a global problem often undiagnosed among patients, and routine monitoring is not practiced in Nigeria.

Objective: We assessed the vitamin D status of patients undergoing treatment for prostate diseases in Calabar.

Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study of 102 men aged 40 years and above, with prostate diseases, devoid of prostate-related surgeries, recruited from urology clinic, in the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, from October 2023 to April, 2024. Data was collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire after consent. Blood samples were analyzed for vitamin D and prostate-specific antigens.

Results: Most participants, 43 (42.2%) were 61-70 years, and over half 55 (53.9%) had a tertiary education. Majority, 52 (50.9%), had benign prostatic hyperplasia, 40 (39.2%) had prostate cancer, and 10 (9.8%) had prostatitis. Overall, 71(69.61%) had sufficient vitamin D levels (50–100 nMol/L), and 10(9.8%) had deficiency. Higher proportion of deficiency was found in the 1-5 years treatment category. Elevated prostate-specific antigen (>10 ng/mL), occurred in 52 (50.98%) of participants, predominantly below six months of treatment. There was no statistically significant association between sociodemographic characteristics of respondents, treatment categories, and PSA with vitamin D levels (p > 0.05).

Conclusion: Majority of patients had sufficient vitamin D levels. However, vitamin D deficiency was higher in the prostate cancer group and the1-5 years treatment category. Further studies are suggested to understand vitamin D’s long-term role in prostate disease management.

A 4-year review of echocardiographic findings in a Paediatric Cardiology unit in a tertiary health facility, Calabar, Nigeria

Ineji EO — 2026-07-01

Context: Echocardiography is the gold standard for diagnosing structural heart diseases which is the commonest reason for referral to Paediatric Cardiology Clinic.

Objective: This study was to determine the various indications for paediatric echocardiography and the pattern of cardiovascular abnormalities among children undergoing echocardiography in our facility. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective descriptive cross -sectional study where the echocardiographic register of patients over a 4-year period was reviewed. The echo findings were described and classified based on the lesions.

Results: Of the 285 children that underwent echocardiography, 35.8% had normal findings, 34.7% had acyanotic congenital heart defects, 8.1% had cyanotic congenital heart defects and 18.9% had various acquired heart lesions. Ventricular septal defect (12.6%) and atrial septal defect (8.4%) were the commonest acyanotic congenital heart defects while tetralogy of Fallot (4.2%) was the commonest cyanotic congenital heart defect. The commonest acquired heart diseases were pericardial effusion and rheumatic heart disease constituting 6.5% and 5.6% respectively.

Conclusion: Structural heart diseases are significant causes of morbidity in children. There is a pressing need for institutional and national allocation of resources to develop facilities to support and care for children with structural heart diseases.

Knowledge, perceptions, and acceptability of HIV Self-Testing among Primary Healthcare Workers in Calabar, Nigeria: A cross-sectional study

Nja GME — 2026-07-01

Context: HIV self-testing (HIVST) can expand early HIV diagnosis by reducing barriers related to stigma, confidentiality, and access. Primary healthcare workers are important to its delivery, but evidence on their knowledge, perceptions, and acceptability remains limited in many Nigerian settings.

Objective: This study assessed knowledge, perceptions, acceptability, and factors associated with HIVST among primary healthcare workers in Calabar, Nigeria.

Materials and Methods: A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 128 primary healthcare workers selected from primary healthcare facilities in Calabar Metropolis using a multi-stage sampling approach. Data were collected with a semi-structured, interviewer-administered questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS version 25. Descriptive statistics were presented as frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations; associations were examined using Chi-square or Fisher’s exact tests at p < 0.05.

Results: High acceptability of HIVST was reported by 110 (85.9%) respondents. Good knowledge and positive perception were reported by 94 (73.4%) and 92 (71.9%) respondents, respectively. Marital status (p = 0.0003), educational level (p = 0.0054), work experience (p < 0.001), knowledge of HIVST (p = 0.0001), and perception of HIVST (p = 0.0007) were significantly associated with acceptability. The leading barriers were cost, poor kit availability, fear of a positive result, stigma, and limited counselling support.

Conclusion: HIVST was highly acceptable among primary healthcare workers in Calabar. Integrating HIVST into routine primary healthcare, ensuring affordable kit supply, and strengthening training, counselling, and linkage systems may support safe implementation.

The relationship between first trimester nuchal translucency and adverse pregnancy outcome at Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, Nigeria

Boysungni EZ — 2026-07-01

Context: The first trimester of pregnancy is crucial for monitoring fetal development and maternal health. One significant screening method is the measurement of nuchal translucency (NT), which assesses the fluid-filled space at the back of a fetus neck via ultrasound. This study aims to investigate the relationship between elevated first-trimester nuchal translucency and adverse pregnancy outcomes among women receiving antenatal care at Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto.

Materials and Methods: This prospective cohort study was conducted among pregnant women between 11 and 13 weeks of gestation who presented to antenatal, gynecological, and general outpatient clinics. The clients were enrolled into the study after obtaining informed consent. Nuchal translucency (NT) measurements were obtained during first-trimester ultrasound examinations, and data were analyzed using SPSS Version 20.

Results: A total of 402 pregnant women participated in the study. The mean NT value was 2.5 mm, with a median of 2.4 mm. The clients with nuchal translucency values above 3.0 mm were considered elevated which we had the prevalence of 15.8% in this study. Out of the 402 clients, 351 (87.3%) had uneventful pregnancy outcomes, 15 (4.8%) had intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), 10 (3.2%) had prematurity, and 7 (2.2%) had birth asphyxia. Those with elevated NT in this study 4 (1.0%) cases had congenital anomaly. The elevated NT was significantly associated with congenital anomalies (100.0%) and IUGR (60.0%), as well as an increased risk of abruptio placenta(p<0.001).

Conclusion: The study demonstrates a significant association between elevated NT levels and adverse pregnancy outcomes, particularly congenital anomalies and IUGR. The mean NT value of 2.5 mm observed in this study was lower than previously reported international values. NT measurement in the first trimester is therefore an important non-invasive screening tool for identifying pregnancies at risk, allowing for timely interventions and closer monitoring to improve maternal and fetal outcomes. Further studies are recommended to evaluate long-term outcomes in affected pregnancies.

Prevalence of low back pain among Church Attendees in a rural community in Southern Nigeria

Nottidge BA — 2026-07-01

Background: Low back pain (LBP) is the leading cause of years lived with disability globally, according to the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. The largest projected increase in LBP cases worldwide over the next 30 years will occur in Africa and Asia, mostly due to aging and population growth. There is a paucity of data on LBP prevalence in low- and middle-income countries, especially from occupationally heterogenous rural settings in Nigeria.

Objective: To determine the prevalence of LBP and its socio-demographic, anthropometric and occupational associations among church attendees in a rural community in South-south Nigeria.

Materials and methods: Consecutive sampling was used to recruit 110 consented adults aged 18 - 79 years at churches into this study. Simple logistic regression was utilized to analyse the association between the variables of gender; age groups; alcohol intake; use of tobacco; exercise; use of a soft mattress; waist:hip ratio, BMI and LBP.

Results: The prevalence of LBP in this study was 88%. Bivariate analysis using simple logistic regression revealed that gender (cOR = 17.85; 95% CI: 2.23 – 142.85; p = 0.007) and exercise (cOR = 0.19; 95% CI: 0.04 – 0.92; p = 0.039) were significantly associated with the prevalence of low back pain. Conversely, no significant association was observed between age (p = 0.718), type of mattress (hard or soft) (p = 0.626), BMI (p = 0.982), waist-to-hip ratio (p = 0.713), alcohol consumption (0.794), tobacco consumption (p = 0.382) and LBP. The predominant socioeconomic class was class 5.

Conclusion: This study provides preliminary evidence that female gender and exercise are major associated factors for LBP in this setting. These findings set the stage for future large scale confirmatory studies in this region.

Knowledge, perceived availability, and acceptability of HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis among Key Populations in Delta State, Nigeria

Nja GME — 2026-07-01

Context: HIV remains a major public health challenge among key populations (KPs) in Nigeria, despite substantial advances in prevention, diagnosis, and treatment interventions. HIV Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) efficacy depends heavily on its acceptability among high-risk groups.

Objective: This study assessed the knowledge, availability, and acceptability of PrEP and examined factors associated with its acceptability among KPs in Delta State, Nigeria.

Study design: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 602 KPs, aged 18-41 years, including female sex workers, men who have sex with men, people who inject drugs, and transgender persons, recruited from mapped hotspots through purposive sampling and peer referral. Data collected via structured interviewer-administered questionnaires were analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi-square tests (p < 0.05). PrEP acceptability was defined as the willingness to initiate PrEP and to recommend it to peers.

Results: PrEP acceptability was high (77.9%), and 79.5% of respondents were willing to recommend it to peers. Awareness of PrEP services (85.9%) and perceived availability (78.1%) were also high. Although 81.9% could recognize PrEP, only 29.9% correctly identified it as an HIV prevention method for HIV-negative individuals, and 46.0% demonstrated good knowledge. PrEP acceptability was significantly associated with respondents’ socio-demographic characteristics and level of PrEP knowledge (p = 0.001). Information source, service outlets, local availability, affordability, and access to healthcare providers were significantly associated with acceptability (p < 0.05), whereas overall perceived availability and consistency of PrEP supply were not ( p = 0.105).

Conclusion: Despite high awareness and availability, substantial
knowledge gaps persist among KPs. Strengthening PrEP education and improving access to KP-friendly services are critical to enhancing acceptability and HIV prevention in Nigeria.

Knowledge, attitudes and practices of immunization among mothers of children aged 24 to 59 months in Kwara state, North-central Nigeria

Yahaya MA — 2026-07-01

Context: Immunization and vaccination are controlled processes in which individuals are exposed to target pathogens to ensure that they develop immunity against the pathogens targeted. In infectious disease control, immunization and vaccination are core interventions which help reduce disease rates and death toll of many infectious diseases. This study evaluated the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of immunization among mothers in Kwara State, North-Central Nigeria.

Materials and Methods: Semi-structured questionnaires were administered to 400 eligible mothers selected using multistage sampling technique in 12 selected communities in Kwara State, Nigeria whose children were aged 24 to 59 months. Categorical data were summarised using frequency and percentages while quantitative normally distributed data were summarised as means and standard deviation. Chi-square was used to test for association between knowledge of mothers and uptake of routine immunization at level of significance of p-value <0.05.

Results: Over 70 percent of the study respondents had good knowledge of immunization schedule and its importance. A smaller fraction of respondents (25%), agreed strongly that uptake of immunization and vaccination is greatly influenced by parents' perception on the matter. About 20% of children aged 24 to 59 months in this study were not immunized/vaccinated.

Conclusion: A small fraction of parents of children in this study had doubts, and/or lacked understanding of immunization schedule and its importance. This led to less-than-optimal rates of children being immunized or vaccinated in the study region. Therefore, continuous health education programs on immunizations and vaccinations should be done. In rural areas, messages should also be given in local dialects. Respected members of the communities who can interact fluently in the local dialects should be engaged in the awareness program to improve parents’ understanding and acceptance.

Hospital-Based Prevalence of Diabetic Retinopathy and Clinical Correlates among Diabetics Attending a Tertiary Eye Clinic in Makurdi Central Nigeria

Ben-Ameh TJ — 2026-07-01

Context: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most common ocular complication seen in patients with diabetes mellitus. Periodic screening for DR in diabetics is recommended.

Objective: To determine the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and clinical correlates of diabetic patients receiving care at the Benue State University Teaching Hospital (BSUTH), Makurdi, following screening for diabetic retinopathy.

Materials and Methods: A hospital- based analytic cross-sectional study was carried out among diabetic patients attending the endocrinology and general outpatient clinics at the BSUTH. Data was obtained using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. A comprehensive eye examination was conducted for all the participants. Descriptive analysis (frequencies and percentages for categorical data and mean with standard deviation for quantitative data) was done. The chi-square test and logistic regression were used to test the association between the outcome variable and independent variables at a level of significance of p<0.05.

Results: A total of 371 patients with an age range of 23-76 years (mean age 54.4 ± 11.6 years) were enrolled in the study. Majority (215, 58.0%) were females. About 144 (38.8%) of the patients had diabetic retinopathy. Macular oedema was detected in 64 (44.4%) of participants. The predictors of DR were duration of diabetes mellitus(AOR=1.29,p<0.001) poor glycaemic control with average FBS ≥7.0 mmol/L (AOR=2.87,P<0.001), systolic hypertension (AOR=2.31,P=0.001) and renal disease (AOR=3.27,P <0.001).

Conclusion: The hospital-based prevalence of DR in this study was high at 38.8% and the predictors of DR were duration of diabetes, poor glycaemic control, systemic hypertension and renal disease. Routine screening of diabetic patients (especially those with a longer history of DM) and early treatment of DR will reduce the risk of developing sight-threatening DR and blindness.

Foot Posture Index and Plantar Pressure Distribution in Junior Badminton Players in Bangalore

Mathew N — 2026-07-01

Context: The foot is a strong and complex structure which bears weight and allows locomotion. It is divided into the hindfoot, the midfoot, and the forefoot. The plantar fascia is a dense band of connective tissue that is essential for normal foot function. It helps preserve the integrity of the foot's longitudinal arch, provides support during weight-bearing activities, assists in the distribution of mechanical loads, and contributes to efficient gait by enhancing foot stability and movement.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess the foot posture index and plantar pressure distribution among junior badminton players.

Materials and Methods: Forty junior badminton players between 9 to 12 years from Bangalore were recruited with purposive sampling in the study. They were evaluated with Harris mat and foot posture index for plantar pressure distribution.

Results: Plantar pressure distributions were seen with Grade 3 in 55% on rear foot and Grade 3 in 52% in fore foot. The left foot FPI-6 assessment indicated that 37[H1.1][NM1.2] (92.5%) of the 40 participants had a normal foot posture, while 3 (7.5%) exhibited pronation.

Conclusion: Most junior badminton players exhibited normal foot posture on FPI-6, while Harris Mat assessment demonstrated Grade 3 as the predominant plantar pressure distribution pattern in the forefoot and rearfoot. These findings highlight the importance of assessing both static foot posture and plantar pressure distribution to facilitate early identification of biomechanical variations in junior badminton players.

Effect of oral health education on dental caries and periodontal health status of diabetic patients in Calabar metropolis

Imasuen H — 2026-07-01

Context: Dental caries and periodontal disease are complications of Diabetic Mellitus (DM) which can result in tooth loss and most diabetes are unaware of these effects. This study aims to determine the effect of oral health education among DM patients.

Materials and method: This was a quasi-experimental/interventional study carried out at the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Nigeria. Study participants were drawn from DM patients attending diabetic clinic of the hospital. Ethical approval was gotten from the ethics committee of the hospital (Number UCTH/HREC/008/094). Written and informed consent was obtained from all participants. At baseline the mouth of each participant was examined for decay, missing and filled teeth using DMFT index while the periodontium was examined for periodontal disease using Gingival Bleeding Index by Ainamo and Bay and Periodontal Disease Index by Ramfgord. Oral hygiene instructions were then given to each participant and follow up was done at 2wks, 4wks, 6wks and 8wks.

Results: A total of 96 participants who met the inclusion criteria participated in this study. Females were 63 (66.0%) and males 33 (34.0%). The most common age group was 55 to 64yrs (42.7%.). Most of the participants (39.6%) had DM for over 10years while 72 (75.0%) had family history of DM. There was a statistically significant difference in the mean gingival bleeding index of participants at baseline (25.28+/-9.88) and post oral education at 2,4,6 and 8 weeks (14.43+/-3.18, 4.43+/-0.93. 0.68+/-0.05 and 0.00+/-0.00 respectively; p<0.001). The mean periodontal disease index also differed significantly at baseline (0.68+/-0.078) and post oral education at 2,4,6,8 weeks (0.56+/-0.058; 0.23+/-0.097; 0.24+/-0.03 and 0.02+/-0.00 respectively; p=0.000).

Conclusion: Proper oral health education can significantly reduce dental caries and periodontal disease among DM patients. Hence oral health education sessions should be strongly implemented in diabetic and dental clinics.

Lived experiences and barriers to disclosure and support service utilization among gender-based violence survivors in Calabar, Nigeria: A phenomenological study

Nja GME — 2026-07-01

Context: Gender-based violence (GBV) remains a major threat to the health, dignity, and bodily integrity of women and girls. Although its prevalence is widely documented, less is known about how survivors experience violence and how these experiences shape disclosure and support-seeking.

Materials and Methods: A qualitative descriptive phenomenological study was conducted among 26 purposively selected GBV survivors aged 15-35 years in Calabar, Nigeria. Three focus group discussions, stratified by age and marital status, were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed inductively using Braun's thematic analysis, guided by Giorgi's phenomenological approach.

Results: Four themes emerged: making meanings of GBV; living with violence as disruption to everyday life; multi-level barriers to disclosure; and systemic barriers to support service utilization. Participants described GBV as a continuum of physical, sexual, psychological, and economic harm occurring across childhood, adolescence, intimate relationships, family structures, and community spaces. Disclosure and help-seeking were constrained by fear, shame, victim-blaming, family reputation, weak institutional responses, bureaucratic barriers, distrust of formal systems, and corruption.

Conclusion: GBV in this setting is sustained by intersecting systems of violence, silence, and institutional failure. Coordinated, survivor-centered, trauma-informed, and multisectoral responses are needed to improve disclosure, protection, referral, and support in low-resource settings.

Low back pain as seen in the physiotherapy clinic of a Nigerian Teaching Hospital: A retrospective cross-sectional study

Akintayo DN — 2026-07-01

Context: Low Back Pain (LBP) is a common cause of disability worldwide, affecting people of all ages. Despite its high and rising prevalence, limited hospital-based data exists on the specific patterns in Nigeria. This study retrospectively examined the prevalence and pattern of LBP among patients seen in the physiotherapy clinic at a tertiary hospital in Nigeria between January 2020 and May 2025.

Materials and Methods: A retrospective review of 367 Orthopaedic case files was conducted, out of which 61 were extracted and met the inclusion criteria for LBP. Data on socio-demographics, pattern such as clinical diagnosis, treatment pattern and interventions, pain intensity, and functional disability were extracted. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics of mean, standard deviation, frequency and percentages.

Results: The result shows that the prevalence of low back pain was 16.6% (n=61). The occupational group most affected were the non-civil servants (34, 55.7%). About 42 (68.9%) of the patients were females with a mean age of 51.59 ± 13.02 years. All of the patient had some level of functional disability with moderately severe level of pain. The most common diagnosis was lumbar spondylosis (95.1%). %) and frequently administered physiotherapy treatments was exercise therapy (83.6%), manual therapy (68.9%), and electrotherapy (55.7%).

Conclusion: This study revealed a high prevalence of LBP among female and non-civil servant patients, with lumbar spondylosis being the dominant diagnosis and significant presence of functional disability. This pattern suggests that gender, type of work and functional disability status should be considered in the prevention and management of low back pain.

Hepatitis B vaccination uptake and its determinants among medical students in a private Nigerian university

Adetona A — 2026-07-01

Context: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major cause of chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma, responsible for about one million deaths annually. Healthcare workers and students are at increased risk due to frequent exposure to blood and bodily fluids. Vaccination remains the most effective preventive measure.

Objective: This study examined factors influencing hepatitis B vaccination uptake among medical students by assessing their knowledge, determining vaccination prevalence, and identifying predictors of willingness to be vaccinated.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 254 medical students at Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, using stratified sampling. Data were collected over three weeks with a self-administered structured questionnaire capturing knowledge, vaccination history, and influencing factors. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25.0. Binary logistic regression identified predictors of vaccination status, with statistical significance set at p<0.05.

Results: Most respondents (96%) had heard of HBV, and 89.8% demonstrated good knowledge of hepatitis B vaccination. However, less than half (45.3%) had been screened for HBV, and only 55% had received at least one vaccine dose, with 24.4% completing the full three-dose schedule. A considerable proportion (45.3%) remained unvaccinated, mainly due to not knowing where to obtain the vaccine (46.1%) and lack of time (20.9%). Students in 600 level were 6.6 times (AOR 0.152, 95% CI 0.039-0.588) more likely to have undergone hepatitis B screening compared to those that were in 200 level (p=<0.006).

Conclusion: Although knowledge of HBV infection and vaccination was high, actual vaccination coverage among medical students remained low. Improving access to vaccination services and targeted institutional strategies may enhance uptake.

The definition, types, risk factors, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of oral cancer: An up-to-date literature review

Kanmodi KK — 2026-07-01

Background: The prevention, early detection, and effective management of oral cancer are critical priorities, requiring continual updates of current knowledge. This literature review aimed to provide an up-to-date overview of the definition, types, risk factors, prevention, diagnosis and treatment of oral cancer.

Methods: The evidence synthesised in this literature review were predominantly those reports published within the past five years (2020 to 2025), and they were obtained from PubMed and Google Scholar.

Results: Inconsistencies exist in the definition of oral cancer; however, only those definitions provided by few sources, such as the World Health Organization and the UK’s Department of Health and Social Care, comprehensively defined oral cancer as cancer affecting the lips, oral cavity, and oropharynx. Oral cancer is commonly classified based on its anatomical site or cell type. Of all the numerous oral cancer risk factors ever reported in the literature, only four of them—tobacco, alcohol, betel quid (or areca nut), and human papillomavirus infection—are the established risk factors; all other risk factors are probable. Oral cancer prevention strategies are multi-level, and health education remains as the most widely recommended primary prevention strategy of the disease. The five most common clinical features of oral cancer are chronic non-healing ulcers, pathologic tooth mobility, oral lumps, pain, and oral bleeding. Diagnostic techniques such as integrated vital staining—toluidine blue and Lugol’s iodine—support early detection with 92.5% sensitivity and 63.2% specificity, while tissue biopsy remains the gold standard. Oral cancer treatment is expensive, and its primary modalities are surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, with increasing use of targeted therapies and immunotherapy for advanced stages. Evidence consistently links early detection with improved prognosis, survival, and quality of life.

Conclusion: Oral cancer remains a largely preventable disease, with early diagnosis and timely intervention significantly improving patient outcomes.

Autoamputation of the Breast Following Necrotizing Fasciitis: A Case Report and Review of Literature

Sani SA — 2026-07-01

Autoamputation of the breast as a sequela of severe pyogenic infection is a rare surgical condition. Severe pyogenic infections or Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infection (NSTI) may lead to, thrombotic vasculitis, rapid tissue necrosis and ultimately, detachment of the breast if misdiagnosed or left untreated. Imaging techniques like contrast-enhanced computerized tomography, and ultrasound scan play crucial roles in the early diagnosis, often with findings of subcutaneous gas, tissue edema, and fascial fluid collections serving as important differentiators from abscess and cellulitis.
I report a 25-year-old woman who presented with complaints of pain in her left breast, left breast swelling and left breast ulcer of eleven (11), seven (7) and four (4) days duration respectively, shortly after weaning her baby. She has no history of sickle cell disease, hypertension or diabetes mellitus.

On examination, the left breast was enlarged with circumferential eschar, and oedematous surrounding skin. The nipple was inverted. The ipsilateral (left) axillary nodes were palpably enlarged. The contralateral (right) breast and axilla were essentially normal.

Breast ultrasound scan revealed subcutaneous gas, tissue edema, and fascial fluid collections in the affected breast.

An assessment of necrotizing fasciitis of the left breast secondary to a poorly treated lactational mastitis was made. She subsequently developed an autoamputation of the affected breast caused by severe pyogenic infection, which rapidly progressed to a necrotizing fasciitis. A wedged biopsy was taken for culture and histology. The culture yielded Escherichia coli sensitive to cefuroxime and Gentamicin. The specimen showed acute inflammation of the skin, soft tissue destruction, extensive breast tissue necrosis, necrotizing arteritis, venous thrombosis (consistent with features of necrotizing fasciitis), and an incidental finding of a tubular adenoma on histological examination.

Her management involved timely initiation of broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy, surgical debridement, and proper wound dressing. The wound healed nicely, thus she was counselled and referred to the reconstructive surgeons for breast reconstruction.

This case highlights the importance of maintaining a high index of suspicion in making the diagnosis of necrotizing fasciitis of the breast. Prompt decision-making and multidisciplinary management can reduce morbidity and prevent such tragic outcome as autoamputation.

Furthermore, a de-escalation therapy to a narrower spectrum of antibiotics is encouraged, after reviewing culture and sensitivity results.

Snellen-Lit: An Innovative Miniature Snellen Chart For Space Optimization

Megbelayin EO — 2026-07-01

Space constraint is a major challenge in ophthalmic practice where the standard distance of 6 meters may be unavailable in the triage or consulting room. The objective was to produce a miniature space-saving vision testing chart called Snellen-lit that is not inferior to the standard Snellen’s chart in terms of reliability, ergonomics and reproducibility. Literature search was conducted on the subject related to vision testing specifically using “Snellen’s acuity chart construction” as key words. Snellen-lit was constructed with CorelDRAW tool with data obtained from Pythagoras theorem and trigonometry calculations of tan theta (θ). Theta being 5 minutes of arc, and it is the visual angle subtended at eye’s nodal point. All calculated distances from standard Snellen’s chat were halved such that visual angle of 5 minutes of arc was applicable to Snellen-lit.
The result was that Snellen-lit can be used at 3 meters and still maintains the same vision annotation as standard Snellen’s chat read at 6 meters without compromising accuracy and reliability.

It is concluded that among the vision testing tools, Snellen’s chart remains the commonest in clinic and research settings. Any innovative idea that enhances its applicability without jeopardizing its accuracy, especially innovation that is cost-effective, is a useful addition to vision testing armamentarium. There is a need for real life comparison between standard Snellen’s chart read at 6 meters and Snellen-lit read at 3 meters in clinic setting for concordance or discordance.