Micronutrient-Driven Immunomodulation Against Streptococcus Pneumoniae: The Role of Vitamins and Minerals in Pulmonary Defense

Abstract

Context: Streptococcus pneumoniae is a leading cause of community-acquired pneumonia, disproportionately affecting children under five, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. Although vaccines and antibiotics are available, issues such as drug resistance and variable vaccine efficacy present ongoing challenges, which may be mitigated by support measures that enhance lung-stimulating immune function.

Objective: This review examines the immunological effects of essential dietary vitamins and minerals in defending against S. pneumoniae and how they may serve as nutritional support to reduce disease severity and improve clinical outcomes in high-risk populations.

Materials and Methods: Scientific studies were reviewed on the impact of key micronutrients like vitamins A, D, C, E, and minerals such as zinc, selenium, iron, and copper on cellular and humoral immune responses related to S. pneumoniae. Data from experimental models, human cell studies, and clinical trials were compiled to provide a comprehensive overview.

Results: Vitamin D activates vitamin D receptor (VDR), stimulates the production of antimicrobial peptides such as LL-37, strengthens the epithelial barrier, and reduces inflammation. Vitamin C acts as an antioxidant, promotes phagocytosis and T cell differentiation, and lowers NF-κB activity. Zinc and selenium regulate oxidative balance, enhance immune cell activity, and modulate cytokine gene expression. Iron and copper support immunity but also nourish bacteria, so their levels require careful regulation. Clinical trials have shown improvements in inflammatory markers, reduced hospital stay duration, and better recovery rates in patients receiving nutritional supplements, especially those with pre-existing deficiencies.

Conclusion: Micronutrients have shown a promising potential to modulate the immune response against S. pneumoniae, particularly in high-risk groups. However, issues such as optimal dosages, bioavailability, and drug interactions need to be addressed on an individual basis and through standardized examinations in the future. Integrating micronutrients into current treatment regimens could be a strategic step toward enhancing pneumonia outcomes and reducing the global disease burden.