Fetomaternal outcomes among pregnant women with diabetes mellitus in Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital: A five-year review

Abstract

Background: Diabetes mellitus is one of the oldest diseases known and is among the largest global health emergencies of 21st century. It is associated with adverse obstetric outcome.

Method: The study was a retrospective review of patients with diabetes mellitus in pregnancy at the obstetrics and gynecology department of AKTH from January 2016 to December 2020. Case folders were retrieved and information on bio-data, obstetric history, treatment received, maternal and fetal complications were collected on a proforma. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 23, presented on tables and charts, and summarized using standard deviation as well as rate and proportions. Chi – square test was used to test for significance.

Result: The prevalence of diabetes in pregnancy was 1.26%; 78.4% were GDM and 21.6% were pre-gestational diabetes. The mean age was 32.6±4.6 years, with 36.4% were in age group 30-34years. About 95% were multiparous while only 4.5% were primiparous. About a quarter (15.9%) had normal BMI, 34.1% overweight and 31.8% obesity. Fetal macrosomia accounted for 10.2%, respiratory distress syndrome 4.5%, neonatal jaundice 3.4%, hypoglycemia 6.8% and congenital anomaly 2.3%. Pregnancy induced hypertension was noted in 12.5%, 5.7% had preterm labor, and 12.5% had miscarriage. Polyhydramnios was present in 2.3%, 11.4% had infection and 55.7% normal outcome.

Conclusion: Prevalence of DM in pregnancy was 1.26%. DIP is an increasing health problem with fetomaternal complications. Maternal complications include preeclampsia, miscarriage, infection, preterm labor and polyhydramnious, while fetal complications include fetal macrosomia, hypoglycemia, IUGR and congenital anomaly.