Ibom Medical Journal [Ibom Med J] is an open-access peer-reviewed biomedical journal published by the Nigerian Medical Association, Akwa Ibom State Branch. Currently, Ibom Med J is published three time annually as follows; January as issue 1, May as issue 2 and September as issue 3 every year. Ibom Med J publishes original research articles, review articles, systematic reviews, rare case reports, commentaries, communications, etc in all fields of medicine. The Ibom Med J also publishes articles in Basic Medical Sciences and Allied Medical Sciences.
Nigerian Medical Association, Akwa Ibom State Branch
Prevalence and risk factors of bacteraemic community-acquired pneumonia in under-fives in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria
Background: Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is an important contributor to under-five mortality worldwide. Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) like Nigeria have a high disease burden, with most children presenting with severe disease. Therefore, there is a need for a microbiologic diagnosis at presentation. This study aimed at determining the prevalence and risk factors of bacteraemia in radiologically confirmed CAP among under-fives in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Methodology: The study was cross-sectional and under-five children admitted into the Paediatric emergency unit of the University of Uyo Teaching Hospital, Uyo, South-south Nigeria, with clinical pneumonia were recruited consecutively until the sample size of 372 was achieved. Sociodemographic and clinical information were obtained using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Chest radiographs were done for all participants, while blood culture was performed in those who had radiologically confirmed pneumonia. Results: The prevalence of bacteraemia in radiologically confirmed CAP was 28.7%. The risk factors associated with bacteramia in these children included younger age (p=0.001), lack of exclusive breastfeeding (p=0.015), incomplete immunization status (p=0.009), duration from onset of symptom to presentation greater than five days (p=0.030) and neutrophilia (p=0.003). Conclusion: The high prevalence of bacteraemia in this study underscores the need to have blood culture done for patients with radiologically confirmed pneumonia. This will ensure early identification of bacterial agents for culture-directed antibiotic administration, and reduce antimicrobial resistance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dickson AJ, Ekpenyong EE, John UA, Akpan UM, Udo JJ, Oloyede IP https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Retrospective Review of Caesarean Delivery in a Tertiary Hospital in Jigawa, North-west Nigeria
Background: Caesarean section is the most common obstetric surgical procedure. Although the advancement in asepsis and anaesthesia has made the procedure safer, still adverse events do occur in the setting of Caesarean section. Objective: This study aimed to determine the rate and outcome of Caesarean sections. Materials and methods: The study was a 3-year retrospective review of Caesarean sections carried out between 1st July 2020 and 31st June 2023 in the department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Rasheed Shekoni Federal University Teaching hospital Dutse. The case files of the participants were retrieved from the record department. Data analysis was carried out using IBM statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 26. Measured variables were expressed in frequencies and percentages. Test for association was done using chi-square non-parametric test, setting level of significance at P <0.05. Results: A total of 376 Caesarean sections were performed out of a total 2,483 deliveries, giving a Caesarean section rate of 15.3%. The mean age of the women was 28.51± 5 years. The mean parity was 4.46± 2.7. Majority (94.76%) of the women had EBL of ≤ 1000mls and the mean unit of blood transfused was 0.65± 0.9 units. Most (87.7%) of the babies delivered had 5th Apgar score of ≥ 7. Conclusion: The Caesarean section rate in this study is close to the rate recommended by WHO, however the repeat Caesarean section rate is high
Copyright (c) 2026 Habib AA, Jabbo MA, Sunday A, Rasheed M, Abubakar HD, Omeje IJ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Socio-demographic and economic determinants of obesity among day secondary school students in selected sub-counties of Machakos county, Kenya
Context: Obesity among adolescents is a growing public health concern worldwide, including in Kenya. Despite its growing prevalence, there is limited evidence on the determinants of obesity among day secondary school students in Machakos County. This study sought to assess socio-demographic and economic determinants of obesity among day secondary school students in selected sub-counties of Machakos County, Kenya. Methods: This study used an analytical cross-sectional design with a mixed-methods approach. Associations between dependent and independent variables were assessed using binary and multivariate logistic regression (p ≤ 0.05), while qualitative data were analyzed thematically. Results: From this study, the prevalence of obesity was 8.5%. Students aged 15–18 years (aOR = 2.18, 95% CI: 1.273–3.721, p = 0.002), Students with mothers who had primary education (aOR = 2.2, 95% CI: 1.862–3.322, p = 0.02), and students with employed fathers (aOR = 2.4, 95% CI: 2.131–3.995, p = 0.001) had significantly higher odds of obesity, whereas spending less than two hours per day on screen-based activities reduced the odds of obesity (aOR = 0.6, 95% CI: 0.273–0.742, p = 0.01). Conclusion: This study highlights that adolescent obesity remains a growing public health concern influenced by socio-demographic and lifestyle factors. The findings demonstrates the significant role of family structure, parental education, and lifestyle habits in influencing students’ weight outcomes. The study recommends that schools integrate nutrition and physical activity programs into their curricula, while engaging parents, especially those with demanding jobs or in single-parent households, through community-based education on healthy lifestyles.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kivondo A, Juma J, Magutah K https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Hormone Receptor Status, Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 Expression, and Demographic Patterns in Breast Cancer: A Descriptive Study
Introduction: Breast cancer is a significant public health concern globally, with varying incidence and mortality rates across different regions. Hormone receptor status, particularly that of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), play a crucial role in the prognosis and treatment of breast cancer. This research aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of hormone receptor status in breast cancer samples from Akure, Nigeria. Methodology: This retrospective cross-sectional study evaluated the hormone receptor status of breast cancer samples from Akure, Nigeria. Data were obtained from medical records of histologically confirmed breast cancer specimens with complete immunohistochemistry reports at the University of Medical Science Teaching Hospital (UNIMEDTH), Akure, between January 2021 and December 2023. Data analysis employed descriptive statistics and inferential tests to explore associations between demographic and clinical variables. A p-value of less than 0.05 was deemed statistically significant. Results: A total of 123 samples were analysed. The majority of patients (54.5%) were between 41 and 60 years of age. Receptor status analysis revealed that 51% of the patients were triple-negative, 26.8% were HER2-positive, 15.4% were estrogen receptor (ER)-positive, and 22% were progesterone receptor (PR)-positive. Additionally, 7.3% of the patients were ER- and PR-positive, 2.4% were PR- and HER2-positive, and ER-, PR-, and HER2-positive, respectively. The highest percentage of ER-positive cases (47.4%) and PR-positive cases (40.7%) appeared in the 41–50 years age group. HER2 overexpression in the samples was highest in the 41–50-year-old and 51–60-year-old age groups, with 27.3% each. Triple-negative breast cancer was most common, with 51% overall and 42.9% in patients aged 41--50 years. Conclusion: Triple-negative breast cancer emerged as the most prevalent subtype, followed by HER2-positive cases, with the highest receptor-positive rates observed among premenopausal women. These findings underscore the importance of implementing targeted diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for this population.
Copyright (c) 2026 Pelemo OE, Anjorin AO, Anjorin AO, Bamikefa TA, Olaofe OO https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of the antimicrobial properties of Syzygium aromaticum (clove) and Acacia nilotica (babul) pods on cariogenic bacteria from caries lesion
Background: Cariogenic bacteria are tooth adherent microorganisms which become cariogenic when fermentable sugars are consumed and form biofilms which produce organic acids that erodes tooth enamel to initiate caries. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial properties of Syzygium aromaticum (Clove) and Acacia nilotica (Babul) pods (CAP) on cariogenic bacteria from caries lesion. Methods: Bioactive compounds were extracted from the powdered plants using 53% ethanol. Three carious swabs were obtained from three patients who presented with Caries at Dental clinic, Federal University of Allied Health Science, Enugu State, Nigeria, and subjected to isolation and identification by 16S ribosomal RNA gene analyses. Results: Enterococcus faecalis N.H.IRAQ1, Bacillus subtilis SF2012, Staphylococcus aureus YT-3, and Levilactobacillus brevis CBAK were identified. Antimicrobial evaluation conducted at 100mg/ml concentration of the extract showed Enterococcus faecalis susceptible with inhibition zone of 20.00 ± 1.22mm, Bacillus subtilis 22± 1.52mm, Staphylococcus aureus 22 ± 1.22mm, Levilactobacillus brevis 30± 1.77mm; when compared to control which showed no (0.00mm) zone of inhibition. The MIC for each of the isolates were 3.0mg/ml for E. faecalis, 6.0mg/ml for B. subtilis, 3.0mg/ml for S. aureus, and 1.5mg/ml for L. brevis. The MBC values were 6.0mg/ml for E. faecalis, 12.5 mg/ml for B. subtilis, 6.0mg/ml for S. aureus, and 3mg/ml for L. brevis. There was a significant difference among the groups (p < 0.002). Conclusion: The findings of the study demonstrated a significant antimicrobial effect of Syzygium aromaticum (Clove) and Acacia nilotica (Babul) pods extract on the isolated cariogenic bacteria, supporting its application in dental care.
Copyright (c) 2026 Onuoha ES, Aondoaseer I https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Diosmin on Lipopolysaccharide-induced Neuroinflammation and Cognitive Impairment in Mice
Context: Neuroinflammation has been linked to some neurobehavioral alterations including cognitive and memory impairment which are prominent features of many neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. Objective: This study explored the cognitive-enhancing properties of a flavonoid, diosmin, against lipopolysaccharide-induced cognitive impairment in mice. Materials and Methods: Thirty-five (35) mice were divided into five groups comprising seven (7) mice each (n=7). These groups were scheduled to receive either vehicle, any of the two doses of diosmin (50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg) or donepezil for seven (7) consecutive days. Group 1-2 received vehicle, groups 3-4 received diosmin at 50 and 100 mg/kg respectively, and group 5 was the positive control group which received 10 mg/kg donepezil. About sixty (60) minutes post-treatment, groups 2-5 were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 250 µg/kg, i.p.) daily. Afterwards, all mice were subjected to the Y-maze and the novel object recognition (NOR) tests to assess their spatial and non-spatial working memory, respectively. Subsequently, the mice were sacrificed and whole brain samples were harvested for further biochemical analysis. The data was analysed using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and a post hoc test. The level of significance was set at p<0.05. Results: Our data shows that diosmin significantly inhibited the LPS-induced neuroinflammation by inhibiting the expression of selected proinflammatory mediators in the brain and subsequently improving memory (p<0.05). Conclusion: Diosmin possesses significant anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that could be beneficial in management of inflammation-related cognitive disorders.
Copyright (c) 2026 Adeoluwa GA, Jack IP, Adeniyi FR, Adeoye R, Otomewo LO, Adu IA, Bakre AG, Adeoluwa OA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Co-infection of Lassa Fever with Viral Hepatitis: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Patients in a Federal Medical Centre in Southwestern Nigeria
Context: Lassa fever (LF) and viral hepatitis diseases are major public health threats in Nigeria, but their co-infection patterns remain unclear despite shared risks and overlapping symptoms. Objective: We studied the seroprevalence of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C virus (HCV) in LF patients and analysed demographic, clinical, and outcome disparities. Materials and Methods: We conducted a hospital-based cross-sectional study involving 215 patients at the Federal Medical Centre, Owo, Ondo State, Nigeria, from August to December 2023. Consecutive patients with suspected LF were confirmed via Altona RealStar Lassa fever virus RT-PCR, while HBV and HCV were detected from serum samples using serological assays. Demographic, clinical, and mortality data were compared between co-infected and mono-infected groups using chi-square tests at a significance level of p < 0.05. Results: Among 215 suspected cases, 37 (17.2%) were confirmed Lassa fever (LF). Confirmed cases primarily involved young adults aged 20–39 years (56.7%, 21/37) and males (67.5%, 25/37; p = 0.03). HBV prevalence was 5.4% (2/37, aged 20–39), and HCV prevalence was 2.7% (1/37, aged 40–59). One LF–HBV co-infection (2.7%) occurred in a male aged 20–39 years, with no LF–HCV co-infections or triple infections (LF+HBV+HCV) observed. Mortality was highest in LF cases (16.2%, 6/37), including one HCV-associated death (100%). Conclusion: HBV and HCV co-infections are uncommon in Lassa fever cases and do not notably affect mortality; however, the disease is highly lethal, particularly in young adult males, highlighting the importance of improved prevention, early diagnosis, and further research.
Copyright (c) 2026 Salami WO, Ifeyi GP, Ajoseh SO, Lawal-Sanni AO, Adetunji SB, Muraina TO, Hassan AO https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Acute toxicity and effects of of Solanum macrocarpon leaf on Phenylhydrazine-induced haemolytic anaemia, blood glucose and Nephrotoxicity in Wistar rats
Background: A variety of toxic effects of the hydrazines have been described, including autoimmune disturbances in humans, human leukemogenesis, alterations in the liver, kidney, central nervous system. Aim: This study aimed to determine whether Solanum macrocarpon aqueous leaf extract protect against Phenylhydrazine-induced hemato-toxicity and nephrotoxicity in anaemic male wistar rats. Materials and Methods: Thirty adult male Wistar albino rats (180-200g) divided into five groups of six rats each were used for the study: Group 1 served as normal control and received normal saline orally once daily. Group II served as anaemic control while Group III received only 300mg/kg aqueous leaf extract of Solanum macrocarpon orally once daily for 14 days. Group IV rats were induced with anaemia and thereafter treated with 300mg/kg aqueous leaf extract of Solanum macrocarpon orally once daily for 14 days while Group V were induced with anaemia and thereafter treated with 100mg/kg Ascorbic acid orally once daily for 14 days. Group II, IV and V were intraperitoneally induced haemolytic anaemia with 50mg/kg Phenylhydrazine for three consecutive days. All rats were sacrificed 24 hr after last extract treatment. Results: Acute toxicity study showed LD50 to be above 5000mg/kg as there was neither mortality nor toxicity observed up to the last dose of 5000mg/kg. Electrolyte concentration showed a significant decrease (p<0.05) in sodium ion and an increase in potassium ion concentration in Phenylhydrazine-induced anaemic rats which were however improved towards normalcy by Solanum macrocarpon leaf extract. Solanum macrocarpon significantly enhanced (p<0.05) Red blood cells, packed cell volume, haemoglobin and platelet count; significantly decreased (p< 0.05) levels of creatinine and urea as well as maintained blood glucose levels corroborated by histopathological findings. Conclusion: This study established Solanum macrocarpon leaf potential in modulating Phenylhydrazine-induced anaemia, electrolyte balance and nephrotoxicity in wistar rats.
Copyright (c) 2026 Usunobun U, Okungbowa AI, Osaremhen EA, Ademuyiwa A https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Cross-Sectional Study of Sleep Quality and Daytime Sleepiness in a Nigerian University Cohort: Insights from PSQI and Epworth Scores
Background: Sleep quality is critical for academic performance, mental health, and cognitive function in university students, yet data from sub-Saharan Africa remain limited. This study aimed to assess the prevalence, patterns, and predictors of poor sleep quality and excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) among undergraduates in a Southern Nigerian university using validated instruments. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 229 undergraduate students selected using a convenience sampling technique from medical and non-medical faculties at the University of Uyo, Nigeria. Sociodemographic and academic data were collected alongside the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) to evaluate nighttime sleep quality and daytime sleepiness. Both the standard Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and a shortened version were administered to assess sleep quality, identify associated sociodemographic and academic factors, and compare the psychometric performance of the two instruments. Results: Overall, 119 participants (55.1%) exhibited poor sleep quality (PSQI > 5), with no significant difference between medical and non-medical students (p = 0.44). Excessive daytime sleepiness was identified in 62 respondents (28.6%), including 12 participants (5.5%) with severe daytime sleepiness. Sleep quality and sleep duration were significantly associated with excessive daytime sleepiness categories (p = 0.0027 and p = 0.0057, respectively), whereas no significant associations were observed with sex, socioeconomic status, campus residence, or roommate status. The shortened PSQI version slightly underestimated sleep disturbances but showed strong psychometric alignment with the full version. Conclusion: Poor sleep quality and clinically relevant EDS are highly prevalent among Nigerian undergraduates across all disciplines and sociodemographic groups. The strong correlation between impaired sleep quality and daytime sleepiness underscores the need for institution-wide sleep hygiene interventions. The shortened PSQI also offers a practical, time-efficient screening option for large-scale student health assessments.
Copyright (c) 2026 Eziagu EO, Ajayi OO, Eziagu ED, Akpu EI, Rasheed MW, Eziagu UB https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Residential Housing Quality and Metabolic Syndrome among adults in Osogbo, Nigeria: a cross-sectional study
Context: Previous explorations on the health implications of housing have employed subjective measures. Objective: This study aims to investigate the association between residential housing quality (RHQ) measured using the housing quality index (HQI) and metabolic syndrome (METS) among adults in Osogbo, Nigeria. Method: Households of 700 adults aged ≥18 years, selected through multi-stage sampling in Osogbo, Nigeria, were assessed using a housing standard checklist to determine the housing quality index (HQI). A summation of the HQI was performed and dichotomized into “poor RHQ” and “good RHQ” using the 50th percentile. METS was defined according to the Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. Multivariable-adjusted logistic regression models were used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the odds of METS at a two-sided P<0.05. Results: Overall, 70/700(10%) had METS with a female preponderance, 60(85.7%). The proportion of homes with poor RHQ was higher among participants with METS, 60(85.7%), than those without METS, 380(60.3%), p<0.001. In the final model, poor RHQ was associated with higher odds of METS (OR 2.74, 95% CI 1.31-5.76) after adjusting for relevant covariates. Conclusions: Environmental health interventions targeted at improving RHQ might significantly contribute to reducing the burden of metabolic syndrome in LMICs.
Copyright (c) 2026 Musibau HA, Arinola OP, Ajayi AA, Olayinka LR, Adedoyin RE, Balogun FL, Melikam ES, Isreal BE, Okekunle AP, Fakunle AG https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of gastroprotective potentials of papain and fucoidan in wistar rats
Background: Gastric cytoprotection involves acid-independent protection of gastric and intestinal mucosal cells against injurious agents. Papain is a proteolytically active enzyme derived from Carica papaya, while fucoidan is a sulfated polysaccharide rich in fucose and sulfate obtained from brown seaweeds. Objectives: This study assessed the comparative effects of papain, fucoidan and metoclopramide on cytoprotection in Wistar rats. Method: Twenty male Wistar rats (100-150g) were divided into four groups (n=5). Group 1 served as the control group (Ctrl group), which was administered water and rat feed. Group 2 served as the Papain group (Pap group) and was administered papain at a dose of 800 mg/kg. In comparison, group 3 served as the Fucoidan group (Fuc group) and was administered Fucoidan at a dose of 800 mg/kg, and group 4 was the Metoclopramide group (Met group) and received Metoclopramide at a dose of 30 mg/kg. All administrations were given orally, once daily, for twenty-eight days. Result: Pepsin output showed no significant difference across groups. Mucus secretion and ulcer score increased significantly in all test groups compared with the control. Mucus secretion was higher in the Met group than in the Pap group. The ulcer score was lower in the Met group than in the Pap group. Histology showed distorted duodenal architecture in the Pap and Met groups, with preserved structure in the Fuc and control groups. Conclusion: Fucoidan is recommended as a promising candidate for the management of gastric and intestinal mucosal disease disorders, while caution is advised regarding the prolonged use of papain.
Copyright (c) 2026 Unim AP, Edet OU, Okoi OC, Okpo-ene AI, Chijindu OM, Uquetan US, Essien VA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessing the Prevalence and Predictors of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus among Rural Dwellers in Akamkpa/Biase Federal Constituency of Cross River, Nigeria
Background: The increased prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) continues to be a public health concern globally. DM data from the rural settings in Cross River State are scanty. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of DM and assess the predictors and factors enhancing the increased prevalence among rural dwellers in Cross River State of Nigeria. Methodology: This study was a community-based cross-sectional study, comprising male and female adults aged 18 and 75 years, over a period of four months. Appropriate anthropometric measurements and blood samples were collected from willing recruited participants, and fasting plasma glucose and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) values were obtained after obtaining informed consent and ethical approval. Confidentiality was maintained throughout the study period, and data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS SPSS software. Results: A total of 369 respondents participated in this study and were made up of 136(36.8%) males and 233(63.2%) females. The mean age(years) of respondents was 45±10.3. Using the ADA diagnostic criteria for diabetes mellitus and prediabetes, a prevalence of 6.8% and 12% respectively. The prevalence of DM obtained was higher in males (11.8%) than in females (3.8%) (p<0.05). Increased prevalence of DM was seen in those whose BMI was high (p<0.005). About 60% of the people found to be diabetic were not aware of their diabetic condition. Top predictors of the occurrence of DM among the participants were positive family history of DM (OR=3.99, CI=0.50-0.67,p<0.001), increasing age (OR=3.89; CI=0.73-9.21,p<0.001), increasing BMI/obesity (OR=3.87; CI=0.66-9.25,p<0.001), and family history of hypertension (OR=3.86; CI=0.45-7.89, p<0.001). Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of DM in rural settings that tends to match urban prevalence, and many affected people are unaware of their situation. This calls for public health attention in this regard.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ekpe EL, Edemekong E, Omotoso AJ, Inaku KO https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Prolonged indwelling lower urinary tract catheters among males attending outpatient urologic clinic: indications, cost implications, complications and quality of life burden
Context: Elimination of urine is a basic human function that can be deranged by illness, trauma, and other conditions. Urethral or suprapubic catheterization is used to ensure elimination of urine in patients who are unable to void naturally as a result of disorder of the lower urinary tract. Indwelling lower urinary tract catheter is termed prolonged when it remains in place for more than 14 days. This study aimed to identify the indications for unduly prolonged lower urinary tract catheterization among patients attending the urology clinic, the complications associated with such and the cost implication of this practice. Methods: This was a descriptive cross sectional study conducted over a period of 3 months at the urology unit of Alex-Ekwueme Federal Universty Teaching Hospital Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria. One hundred and eighteen patients presenting to the outpatient clinic were recruited using a consecutive sampling technique .Statistical analysis was performed using IBM statistical package for social Science for windows, version 21.0. Results: The mean age of participants was years,65.31±14.31 while the mean duration of urethral catheterization was 22.42±32.58 months. The median cost of catheter change was 2800 Naira (interquartile range 1850-4000). The indications for catheter use were benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), urethral stricture disease (USD) and carcinoma of the prostate (CaP) in 54.2%, 28.0%, and 17.8% respectively. In one hundred and one (85.6%) patients the reason for prolonged catheterization was lack of funds, nine patients (7.6%) were afraid of surgical therapy and declined consent while eight patients (6.8%) were not fit for surgery. Pain was the most common complication occurring in 15(12.7%) patients. With respect to the quality of life 93 (78.8%) patients expressed sadness, 23 (19.5%) were indifferent while 2% reported they were happy. Conclusion: Unduly prolonged indwelling urethral catheter is still common among patients attending our out-patients clinic and is commonly due to urinary retention from benign prostatic hyperplasia, urethral stricture disease and cancer of the prostate.
Copyright (c) 2026 Odo C, Obi AO, Okeke CJ, Ulebe AO, Azubuike AE, Amu OC, Oranusi CK https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Determinants of Sexual Coercion Among Adolescents in Rivers State
Introduction: Adolescents are especially susceptible to sexual coercion. The factors that may affect the adolescent risk of engaging in coercive sex in Rivers State need to be further understood. We deemed it necessary to assess the factors influencing the experience of sexual coercion among adolescents in Rivers State. Methods: A multi-staged sampling strategy was employed to survey 671 adolescents, complemented by eight focused group discussions (FGDS). Data were collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire and analyzed using IBM SPSS version 26, while FGDs were analysed using a thematic and content analysis with Nvivo software version 11. The Chi-square (χ2) test was utilized to assess the association between explanatory factors and the occurrence of sexual coercion. A multivariate logistic regression model was developed to assess the size and direction of the effects of predictors. Statistical tests were considered significant at p ≤ 0.05. Results: The mean age of the respondents was 17.7 ± 1.3 years. About 356 (53.9%) were females, and 338 (50.4%) lived in rural areas. About 49 (7.3%) of the respondents had ever experienced sexual coercion 25 (51%) of them were rape cases. Sex of respondents, the importance of religion, currently working for pay, and alcohol use were associated with sexual coercion. Females were six or more times more likely to have experienced sexual coercion (aOR=6.37; 95% CI: 2.69-15.07, p=0.001) compared to males, and respondents who perceived religion as not important were three or more times more likely to have experienced sexual coercion compared to those perceived religious as important (aOR=3.25; 95% CI: 1.4-7.5, p=0.006). Conclusion: Sex, and religious affiliation were identified predictors of sexual coercion. There is a need to contextualize appropriate sexual and reproductive health interventions that incorporate religiosity, value-based approach and collaborate with faith-based organizations, community leaders, and schools to safeguard adolescents against sexual coercion.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ogbonna VI, Okuefuna CJ, Adeniji F, Iliyasu Z https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment of Perceived Quality of Reproductive Health Services and its Determinants among Young Adults in a Tertiary Health Facility in Southwestern Nigeria
Context: Challenges with reproductive health (RH) and poor perception of its services significantly define the outcome of an individual’s reproductive health status. Previous studies on the subject in south-western Nigeria have largely assessed the perception of young adults towards RH without paying attention to the determinants of their perception toward its services. Objective: This study aimed at investigating young adults' knowledge of RH and the determinants of their perceptions towards reproductive health services (RHS) at the Federal Teaching Hospital Ido-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 326 respondents aged 18-26 years. Selection was done using the multi-stage sampling technique. A semi-structured, interviewer-administered questionnaire that assessed RH knowledge, RHS perception and utilization was used for data collection. Frequencies and percentages were used to describe variables while the chi-square test and binary logistic regression were employed for inferential data analysis. Statistical significance was set at p-value less than 0.05. Results: Majority 205(62.9%) of the respondents had a good knowledge (≥50% score) of RH while a minority 148(45.4%) had a good perception of RHS. Significant determinants of RHS perceptions included age (p = 0.04, AOR = 2.51, 95% CI = 1.098-4.904), gender (p<0.001, AOR = 3.93, 95% CI = 1.569-7.191), marital status (p = 0.011, AOR = 3.49, 95% CI = 1.426-6.478), education level (p = 0.026, AOR = 2.97, 95% CI = 1.214-7.578), relationship duration (p = 0.03, AOR = 3.74, 95% CI = 1.333-6.375), degree of comfort in discussing sexual issues with partner (p <0.001, AOR = 4.34, 95% CI = 2.044-10.258), frequency of discussing RH issues with partner (p = 0.034, AOR = 3.67, 95% CI = 1.379-8.001), shared understanding of RH between partners (p = 0.027, AOR = 4.99, 95% CI = 1.236-12.363) and knowledge of RH (p = 0.002, AOR = 4.21, 95% CI = 1.931-9.889). Conclusion: This study concluded that while over three-fifth of the respondents had an overall good knowledge of RH, only a little above two-fifth had a good perception of its services. The study highlights the need for improvement in targeted educational initiatives to address misconceptions especially among the early young adults, males, unmarried, the less educated, those in relationships of less than 6 months, those having partners and those with poor knowledge of RH.
Copyright (c) 2026 Adegbilero-Iwari OE, Faleke OM https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Direct Visual Internal Urethrotomy for the Management of Partial Urethral Strictures: Is it a Viable Treatment Option?
Context: Direct Visual Internal Urethrotomy (DVIU) has been a useful tool in the management of partial urethral strictures. There is limited data on its success rates in black populations. A successful DVIU will spare the patient the stress and rigours of undergoing a urethroplasty. This study intends to look at the outcomes of DVIU in our setting using uroflometry. Materials and Methods: This is an observational prospective study of 58 patients that underwent DVIU for short segment anterior Urethral strictures between January 2020 and January 2024 recruited using a consecutive sampling technique.. Patients were monitored after discharge through phone calls and post operative visits. Results: A total of 58 patients were involved in the study with a mean age of 65 years and mean BMI of 26.4 ± 3.2. Stricture of unknown aetiology (idiopathic) accounted for majority of the cases 31 (53.4%) followed by iatrogenic stricture, 11(19.0%) of all strictures. Traumatic stricture was responsible for (7) 12.1%, inflammatory (6) 10.3% while stricture due to malignancy accounted for 3(5.2%) of all cases The commonest stricture location was the proximal bulbar 36 (62.1%) followed by penile and distal bulbar representing (19%) of the strictures. Most of the patients 39 (67.2%) had a single stricture. The mean maximum flow rate pre DVIU was 9.6 ml/sec ±1.5 and the maximum flow rate at 6 months post DVIU was 29.3 ml/sec ± 6.1 representing an increase by 19.7ml/sec (95% CI 0.7 - 5.3) compared to the pre-intervention period (p=0.0059). Conclusion: DVIU seems to be a viable treatment option for patients with partial urethral strictures in our environment. Longer follow up of these patients may be required to substantiate our findings.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ngwu PE, Ihedoro IE, Agu FU, Onyemachi E https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Molecular study of CACNA1A, ATP1A2, and SCN1A genes and its association with the migraine disease in Iraq
Background: Migraine is a frequent and debilitating neurological ailment characterized by way of excessive complications and sensory disturbances. Despite tremendous research, the precise genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying migraine susceptibility stay incompletely understood. Methods: The objective of this study is to identify the causative genes involved in migraines in an Iraqi population with the aim of focusing on 3 key genes: CACNA1A, ATP1A2, and SCN1A. This is a case-control study conducted at Abu Ghraib Hospital in Baghdad, Iraq. The participants were 100 migraine patients and 100 matched healthy controls. Results: Targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) gene panel was used to determine the mutations in CACNA1A, ATP1A2, and SCN1A genes. Insilico method was used to predict the practical impact of recognized variations. Statistical analyses which include logistic regression and multifactor-dimensionality reduction(MDR) were used to analyze interactions among genetic variants and migraine susceptibility. High -throughput sequencing ( HTS) technology identified 1050 genetic variations .One hundred and fifteen (10.95%) of these variations were new and not previously discovered. Functional annotation expected several deleterious variants, mainly in CACNA1A (rs123456), ATP1A2 (rs789101), and SCN1A (rs1122334). Logistic regression confirmed genetic variations that revealed a strong association with migraine risk with an odds ratio of 1.8-2.0. The combined effect of variants across all 3 genes is statistically significant( p<0.001) Variants in CACNA1A were strongly associated with migraine with aura of mystery, at the same time as ATP1A2 and SCN1A variations had been linked to migraine severity and response to treatment. This observation provides compelling evidence for the involvement of CACNA1A, ATP1A2, and SCN1A in migraine susceptibility within the Iraqi population. Conclusion: The findings underscore the critical role of ion channel dysfunction in migraine pathogenesis and highlight the potential for personalized medicine approaches in managing this condition. Further research is needed to validate these findings in larger cohorts and diverse populations, and to explore the functional mechanisms underlying these associations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Khudair S, Al Rasheed IA, Ibrahim TK, Saleh TH, Al-Rubaii BA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment of Mental Health and Academic Performance among Medical Students during the 2023–2024 Conflict in Sudan
Context: Sudan’s 2023–2024 conflict disrupted education and healthcare systems, affecting students’ mental health and academic continuity. Objective: This study aims to assess the effects of recent conflicts in Sudan on the mental health and academic life of medical students of University of Medical Sciences and Technology and University of Khartoum in 2024. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study assessed 255 fourth- and fifth-year medical students from two universities from April to July 2024 using validated Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) scales. Participants completed online surveys evaluating depression, anxiety, and academic performance during peak conflict months. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 27, with descriptive statistics for continuous and categorical variables, group comparisons via chi-square and t-tests, and multivariable logistic regression to identify predictors of mental health outcomes, adjusting for age, gender, and institution, with significance set at P <0.05. Results: The prevalence of depressive symptoms reached 42.4% (mild: 26.6%, moderate: 11.5%, severe: 4.3%), with anxiety symptoms present in 81.2% of respondents (mild: 55.2%, moderate: 21.9%, severe: 4.1%). Female students demonstrated significantly higher depression rates than males (OR=2.3, 95% CI 1.4-3.8, P =0.012). Academically, 51.8% reported conflict-induced performance declines, primarily due to motivation loss (77.5%) and concentration difficulties (53.5%). Both depression and anxiety were significantly more prevalent among students with GPAs below 3.0 (P < 0.001, P =0.015). Conclusion: Sudanese medical students are experiencing mental health crisis levels during active conflict, with severe academic consequences. These findings underscore the need for urgent, context-specific support systems in war-affected medical schools.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmed A, Auf AI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of n-hexane extract of oryctes rhinoceros on sperm parmeters and oxidative stress markers in male wistar rats following administration of lead
Context: Environmental contamination with heavy metals such as lead remains a major public health concern, especially in developing countries where environmental regulations are weak. Lead exposure has been widely associated with oxidative stress, reproductive dysfunction, and systemic toxicity. Objectives: This study aims at the protective effect of n-hexane extract of Oryctes rhinoceros (white) on sperm parameters and oxidative stress markers in male Wistar rats exposed to lead-induced toxicity. Materials and Methods: Twenty-five (25) adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups of five animals each. Group 1 served as the lead control; Group 2 received olive oil only (vehicle control); Group 3 received a low dose of the extract (0.5 ml/kg) plus lead; Group 4 received a high dose of the extract (0.7 ml/kg) plus lead; and Group 5 received a high dose of the extract co-administered with olive oil and lead. Lead toxicity was induced using 70 mg/kg of lead acetate. Treatments were administered orally for 28 days. At the end of the experiment, animals were sacrificed, and blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis, while testes were harvested for histological studies. Results: The results revealed that lead exposure significantly reduced sperm motility, count, morphology, and volume while increasing oxidative stress and significantly decreases serum electrolyte balance. Treatment with Oryctes rhinoceros extract markedly improved sperm quality, reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, Gpx). The extract also restored electrolyte concentrations toward normal values, indicating improved physiological stability. Conclusion: Hence, n-hexane extract of Oryctes rhinoceros demonstrated a strong dose-dependent protective effect against lead-induced reproductive and biochemical toxicity in male Wistar rats. These findings suggest that the Oryctes rhinoceros possesses potent antioxidant and fertility-enhancing properties, offering potential as a natural therapeutic agent for mitigating heavy metal–induced infertility.
Copyright (c) 2026 Gbaranor KB, Tamuno-Opubo A, Okari AK, Stephen-Kalu TN, Ovili-Odili BZ, Saronee F, Edward UF, Enebeli SK, Agbeb NS, Daka I https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Clients and healthcare providers’ perspectives on Quality of maternal health services in primary healthcare facilities in Cross River State, Nigeria
Context: Quality maternal health services are essential in reducing maternal mortality. For quality to be optimal, it is necessary to consider and satisfy the quality needs of both the providers and the consumers of healthcare. This study explored clients and healthcare providers’ perspectives on the quality of maternal health services provided in primary healthcare facilities in Cross River State, Nigeria. Methods: A qualitative descriptive study was conducted involving 12 focus group discussions among women accessing immunization services in the State from October – December 2020 to explore women’s perception of the quality of care they receive, and 12 key informant interviews with healthcare providers to get their perspective of the quality of care they render to their clients. The interviews were audio-recorded following consent, transcribed and analysed manually using a framework thematic analysis approach involving four steps: familiarization, indexing/coding, charting, and mapping/interpretation. Results: Both the women and the providers perceived quality of care as healthcare that meets the health demands of the clients through the provision of a holistic care, affordable, accessible and provided by competent staff with a positive attitude. The women identified poor state of the physical environment, inadequate commodities and supplies, poor funding, lack of basic equipment, long waiting times, inadequate staffing, poor attitude of healthcare providers as barriers to quality maternal health service, while healthcare providers perceived inadequate training/supervision and poor remuneration as an influence in their delivery of quality maternal health service. Conclusion: In conclusion, quality maternal healthcare services was perceived by both women and providers as holistic, affordable, accessible, and delivered by competent, respectful staff. Nonetheless, systemic challenges like poor infrastructure, inadequate supplies, staffing shortages, long waiting times, and insufficient training, supervision, and remuneration continue to constrain the delivery of quality maternal health services. We therefore recommend that maternal healthcare quality be improved through strengthened infrastructure, sustainable funding and supplies, enhanced workforce capacity via training and fair remuneration, and the promotion of respectful, accessible, client-centered, holistic care.
Copyright (c) 2026 Isika AI, Ekpenyong NO, Undelikwo VA, Izuchukwu FO, Oku AO, Oyo-ita AE https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Unripe-pulp Persea amercicana Extract Possibly Induces Folliculogenesis
Background: Persea americana pulp has monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), which are associated with improved reproductive health. Objectives: To determine the result associated with Persea americana methanol unripe-pulp extract on the ovaries and ovarian cycle of adult female albino Wistar rat. Study design: Twenty (20) mature female albino rats with regular ovarian cycle, weighing 150-200g were divided into 4 groups of 5 animals, each group received; Group 1 (control) received 5 mg/kg body weight of distilled water, while Group 2, Group 3 and Group 4 received 380 mg/kg, 760 mg/kg and 1,140mg/kg body weight of Persea americana methanol unripe-pulp extract respectively. Administration was intraperitoneally at the proestrus phase for 12 days with simultaneous examination of the oestrus cycle which continued for 12 more days after cessation of administration, followed by sacrifice. Blood was collected for analyses of oestrogen, LH, FSH and progesterone while organ weight was measured and subsequently histological analysis. Dosages were from acute toxicity studies performed using the Up and Down method. Result: There was a proportional decrease in weight gain with increasing dosages and no significant difference in organ weight except for the heart. There was an increase in concentration of estradiol, LH and FSH and a reduction in the concentration of progesterone with increased doses. The frequency of the oestrus phase was increased though not significant. Histologic analysis revealed normal histo-architecture across all groups with apparently more follicles in the experimental groups. Conclusion: There was an increase in frequency of oestrus phase, concentration of estradiol, LH and FSH levels with apparently more developing ovarian follicles.
Copyright (c) 2026 Johnson EI, Edem G, Bassey G, Udoh E https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Histo-biochemical Assessment of Paraquat-induced Nephrotoxicity in Pregnant Wistar Rats and their Foetuses
Bacground: The common pesticide paraquat dichloride is well-known for being poisonous and possibly harmful to human health. There is, however, little data regarding paraquat's effects on the kidneys of pregnant women and fetuses. Thus, the effect of paraquat on the kidneys of pregnant Wistar rats and their fetuses was examined in this study. Materials and Methods: Forty (40) pregnant Wistar rats were used. Following pregnancy confirmation, the rats were divided into three experimental groups (n=10) and a control group. These groups were given different dosages of the herbicide (1 mg/ml/kg.bw, 2.5 mg/ml/kg.bw, and 5 mg/ml/kg.bw). At the end of each trimester, three rats were removed from each group and sacrificed on days 7, 14, and 21, respectively. To look into nephrotoxic consequences, biochemical analysis of blood samples as well as to histologic evaluations were carried out. Results: Weight gain was higher in the third trimester compared to the scond and first trimesters. In the first trimester, there was no discernible variation in the kidney weight between the groups. The weight of the kidneys changed significantly in those from the second and third trimesters (p<0.05). An inflammatory reaction to injury was indicated by the histological data from the pragnant rats' abduction, which showed modest to severe renal parenchymal architectural changes. The most substantial effects (fibrosis) were caused by the highest dose (5 mg/ml/kg.bw), and these alterations were time-dependent. Due to the minimal dosage of paraquat that reached the fetuses, the kidney segment of the fetuses did not exhibit any histological alterations. Hematological tests, urea and creatinine, and electrolytess displayed statistically significant differences across the groups and trimesters compared to the control. Conclusion: This study showed that pregnant Wistar rats exposed to paraquat experience dose-dependent inflammatory damage to their kidneys. In addition, exposure to PQ was shown to cause histological lesion in the kidney of pregnant wistar rats. and these alterations were time-dependent, even though the kidney segment of the fetuses did not exhibit any histological alterations as a result of the minimal dosage of paraquat that reached them.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ehizokhale ES, Orororo OC, Enaohwo TM, Ahama EE, Odeghe OB, Egbune EG, Odokuma EI, Ebeye AO https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Therapeutic potentials of aqueous extract of Costus afer leaves on gastrointestinal function: A study on metabolic and hepatic changes in streptozotocin-induced type II diabetic rats
Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorder in which there is high blood sugar over a prolonged period of time. This study aimed to compare gastrointestinal function and hepatic changes in diabetic rats treated with aqueous extract of Costus afer leaves, evaluate the effect of aqueous extract of C. afer leaves on liver enzymes in Wistar rats. Methods: Thirty-five male rats were grouped in 5 groups of 7 rats. To induce diabetes, 4mg/ml of streptozotocin, was injected at 50mg/kg body weight to animals in groups II, IV and V. Oven-dried C. afer leaves were crushed into powdered, and packaged separately and used to produce aqueous extract for the study. The extract was administered at a dosage of 800mg/kg body weight daily to rats in groups III and V. After 28 days, the animals were sacrificed and parameters were analyzed. A stock concentration of 20mg/ml of metformin was administered at a dose of 200mg/kg of body weight to the animal using oral gavage to group IV animals only. Extracted serum was used for Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) analysis. Results: Treatment with C. afer alone (5.62±0.21), and in combination with metformin significantly reduced blood glucose compared to the untreated diabetic group (9.82±0.76). Final body weight was significantly reduced in diabetes mellitus group (DM) and DM+ Metformin (MTF) groups but improved with C. afer and DM+C. afer. AST, ALT, and ALP were significantly elevated in DM rats, indicating liver dysfunction. However, treatment with C. afer, especially in combination with metformin, significantly restored these enzymes toward normal levels. Conclusion: Findings support the antidiabetic, gastroprotective, and hepatoprotective efficacy of C. afer aqueous extract.
Copyright (c) 2026 Unim AP, Godwin GC, Okpo-ene AI, Offiong ED, Uket JM https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Clinical spectrum of precocious puberty and its normal variants in children: insights from a seven-year review in a tertiary hospital, Calabar, Nigeria
Context: Precocious puberty, clinically defined as the development of secondary sexual characteristics before 8 years of age in girls and 9 years in boys, represents a clinical spectrum that encompasses both pathological and non-pathological variants of early pubertal onset. Given the paucity of data from African settings, there is a compelling need to characterize the local spectrum of precocious puberty and its normal variants. Objective: To describe clinical patterns, demographics, aetiologies, diagnostic patterns, management, and outcomes of children presenting with precocious puberty (PP) and its normal variants at University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Nigeria, over seven years. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective descriptive study carried out between January 2015 and December 2021 involving children aged 0-18 years who presented with signs of early pubertal development. Data collected included demographics, clinical presentation, diagnosis (CPP, PPP, normal variants), skeletal age (Greulich–Pyle), Tanner staging, radiology, and biochemistry. GnRH analogues were used for children confirmed to have idiopathic central precocious puberty, specific treatments were given to children for the cause of peripheral precocious puberty when identified and parents were reassured for patients identified with the normal variants. Descriptive statistics used to analyse data. Results: 24 patients (12.3% of endocrine cases) had precocious puberty with a M: F ratio of 1:2.3 and median age of 5.5 years. CPP was diagnosed in 8 (33%) patients, all female and idiopathic precocious puberty including PPP: 4 (17%) with causes—virilizing adrenal tumour (1), CAH (1), McCune-Albright (1), exogenous hormone (1). Normal variants were seen in 12 (50%) children presenting as premature thelarche/adrenarche. Approximately 91.6% were from middle socioeconomic class. Most cases of normal variants required only monitoring, whereas true precocious puberty cases were managed with endocrine evaluation and treatment as indicated. Conclusion: Benign variants and female predominance were noted among children presenting with precocious puberty. CPP was most common true form of precocious puberty. Awareness and accurate diagnosis are essential for targeted management. Regional data as presented in this study will enhance understanding of epidemiology of PP in sub-Saharan-Africa.
Copyright (c) 2026 Eyong ME, Nsa EI, Uzomba CI, Eyong EM, Brown E, Ikobah JM, Etuk IS https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Colorectal cancer screening: assessment of physicians’ knowledge, attitude and practice in tertiary healthcare centers of plateau state, Nigeria
Background: Colorectal cancer is the second most common cause of cancer death and third most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide. The incidence is projected to rise steeply in the nearest future with a high burden in low- and middle-income countries. Screening for colorectal cancer is not widely practiced in low- and middle-income countries despite its proven cost-effectiveness and benefit in reducing cancer related mortality. This study aimed at assessing the knowledge of colorectal cancer screening, attitudes towards screening and screening practices among physicians in tertiary health care centers in Plateau state. Methodology: This study was a descriptive cross-sectional study. A total of 183 physicians from the Jos University Teaching Hospital and Plateau State Specialist Hospital returned appropriately filled self-administered questionnaires. A multistage sampling technique was used to recruit participants. Data obtained was analysed using Microsoft Excel and Statistical Product and Service Solutions. Results: About 14(7.7%) and 16(8.7%) of responding physicians had good knowledge of colorectal cancer screening using fecal occult blood test and colonoscopy respectively. A significant proportion of responding physicians 138(75.4%) agreed that colonoscopy is very effective in reducing cancer mortality while 43(23.5%) felt the same about fecal occult blood test. Almost all responding physicians 180(98.4%) considered screening for colorectal cancer worthwhile, while 73(39.9%) routinely screen patients for colorectal cancer. Conclusion: This research revealed a poor level of knowledge of colorectal cancer screening and a low level of screening recommendations among physicians despite a positive attitude towards screening.
Copyright (c) 2026 Akpa PO, Kwaghe BV, Emmanuel I, David NP, Adedeji BK, Ibeanu CN, Onota PO, Othman IA, Ben JE, Emmanuel JA, Bahaushe NZ, Agabus NM, Dauda AM, Silas OA, Mandong BM, Nantok D https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Micronutrient-Driven Immunomodulation Against Streptococcus Pneumoniae: The Role of Vitamins and Minerals in Pulmonary Defense
Context: Streptococcus pneumoniae is a leading cause of community-acquired pneumonia, disproportionately affecting children under five, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. Although vaccines and antibiotics are available, issues such as drug resistance and variable vaccine efficacy present ongoing challenges, which may be mitigated by support measures that enhance lung-stimulating immune function. Objective: This review examines the immunological effects of essential dietary vitamins and minerals in defending against S. pneumoniae and how they may serve as nutritional support to reduce disease severity and improve clinical outcomes in high-risk populations. Materials and Methods: Scientific studies were reviewed on the impact of key micronutrients like vitamins A, D, C, E, and minerals such as zinc, selenium, iron, and copper on cellular and humoral immune responses related to S. pneumoniae. Data from experimental models, human cell studies, and clinical trials were compiled to provide a comprehensive overview. Results: Vitamin D activates vitamin D receptor (VDR), stimulates the production of antimicrobial peptides such as LL-37, strengthens the epithelial barrier, and reduces inflammation. Vitamin C acts as an antioxidant, promotes phagocytosis and T cell differentiation, and lowers NF-κB activity. Zinc and selenium regulate oxidative balance, enhance immune cell activity, and modulate cytokine gene expression. Iron and copper support immunity but also nourish bacteria, so their levels require careful regulation. Clinical trials have shown improvements in inflammatory markers, reduced hospital stay duration, and better recovery rates in patients receiving nutritional supplements, especially those with pre-existing deficiencies. Conclusion: Micronutrients have shown a promising potential to modulate the immune response against S. pneumoniae, particularly in high-risk groups. However, issues such as optimal dosages, bioavailability, and drug interactions need to be addressed on an individual basis and through standardized examinations in the future. Integrating micronutrients into current treatment regimens could be a strategic step toward enhancing pneumonia outcomes and reducing the global disease burden.
Copyright (c) 2026 Noor Alhuda A. K, Jewi M, Mohammed KJ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Narrative Review of Genetically Modified Organisms and Public Health in Nigeria: Balancing Benefits, Concerns, and Regulatory Challenges
Background: Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are one of the most debated scientific innovations, sitting at the intersection of agriculture, biotechnology, ethics, and public health. They offer potential benefits such as improved yields, enhanced nutrition, and reduced pesticide use, but concerns about safety, biodiversity, and socio-economic inequities persist. This debate is particularly significant in low- and middle-income countries, where food insecurity and weak regulatory systems amplify both opportunities and risks. This review aims to define GMOs and outline the biotechnology tools used in their development, examine Nigeria’s regulatory and policy context, synthesize evidence on documented benefits and major concerns, and explore public health implications. Methods: Evidence was drawn from peer-reviewed articles, international reports, and regulatory documents. Thematic synthesis was applied to categorize findings into biotechnology tools, regulatory approaches, benefits, concerns, and public health implications. Results: GMOs developed through biotechnology tools have enabled traits such as pest resistance, herbicide tolerance, and bio-fortification. Documented benefits include higher yields, improved farmer income, reduced pesticide-related health risks, and nutrition enhancement through crops. However, potential allergenicity, ecological disruption, herbicide overuse, and seed dependency remain concerns. Indirect implications include socio-economic inequities, public mistrust, and cultural opposition. Nigeria’s regulatory framework progress but faces challenges of capacity, transparency, and public engagement. Conclusion: GMOs hold promise for food security and public health but raise unresolved scientific, ecological, and equity concerns and dilemmas. Strengthening transparent regulation, post-release monitoring, and participatory dialogue is essential for balancing benefits and risks, ensuring that GMO adoption contributes sustainably to health and development.
Copyright (c) 2026 Worgu GO https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Fundamentals of Participatory Action Research in Public Health Investigations: A Literature Review
Participatory Action Research (PAR) has gained increasing recognition in public health as a pragmatic and community-engaged methodology that bridges research and practice through collaboration, inclusivity, and practical problem-solving. However, despite its growing adoption across disciplines, many public health investigations still struggle to apply PAR effectively due to limited understanding of its philosophical foundations, guiding principles, and methodological structure. This lack of conceptual clarity has often led to inconsistent implementation, misinterpretation of participatory practices, and limited community empowerment within health research. To address these challenges, this literature review synthesizes and critically discusses the fundamental components of PAR to guide researchers, practitioners, and policymakers in its effective application. The review elaborates on the three major philosophical paradigms—constructivism, objectivism, and pragmatism—with a particular focus on the pragmatic dimensions of ontology, epistemology, and axiology that inform participatory inquiry. It further traces the historical development of PAR from the early works of Kurt Lewin and Paulo Freire and discusses its core principles of democracy, equity, liberation, and life enhancement that distinguish it from traditional top-down research models. In addition, the review outlines key data collection techniques—such as interviews, focus groups, participant observation, surveys, and Delphi methods—commonly employed in participatory studies, highlighting their strengths and limitations. By consolidating these insights, this review provides a comprehensive understanding of the philosophical and methodological underpinnings of PAR and emphasizes its importance as a transformative approach for producing equitable, contextually relevant, and action-oriented evidence in public health.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kanmodi KK, Jayasinghe YA, Okeke EB, Jayasinghe RD, Nkhata MJ, Nnyanzi LA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Lung contusion mimicking lobar pneumonia in an adolescent: A diagnosis imbroglio
Lung contusion is a common injury resulting from blunt chest trauma, characterized by damage to the lung parenchyma and impaired lung function. We present an 11-year-old male who sustained blunt chest trauma and subsequently developed symptoms mimicking lobar pneumonia. Initial chest radiography suggested lobar pneumonia, and treatment was initiated accordingly. Persistent pain prompted reevaluation, with subsequent diagnosis of pulmonary contusion. The patient improved with supportive care. This case highlights the diagnostic challenge of differentiating pulmonary contusion from pneumonia in pediatric patients with chest trauma and the importance of maintaining a high index of suspicion when evaluating such patients.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ohonsi AA, Ojor IS, Mazor AJ, Gyaga KG https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Megameatus intact prepuce with distal megalourethral dilatation: A case report and review of the literature
Introduction: Megameatus Intact Prepuce is a rare and often under-recognised variant of distal hypospadias, as the normal-appearing foreskin may mask the underlying urethral abnormality. Case Presentation: We report the case of a male neonate who presented with voiding difficulty and preputial ballooning, in whom Megameatus Intact Prepuce was identified during an attempted circumcision. The child subsequently underwent hypospadias repair at eight months of age. Intraoperative findings revealed a subcoronal megameatus with associated distal megaurethral dilatation extending to the mid-penis. Redundant urethral tissue was excised, and tubularised plate urethroplasty was performed with a satisfactory outcome. Conclusion: This report highlights the anatomical variability of Megameatus Intact Prepuce and the importance of careful clinical assessment and tailored surgical management to achieve favourable outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Akpanudo EI, Ituen AM, Usendiah IB, Akpaette IC, Eyo AE, Emmanuel EM https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Right-Sided Megasigmoid Colon with Elongated Rectum: Embryological Basis and Clinical Significance
Sigmoid colon and rectum represent the distal segments of the large intestine. Their associated anatomical variants usually identified incidentally during radiological or surgical interventions. The present report details right-sided mega sigmoid colon associated with elongated rectum (abdominal-pelvic rectum) observed in a 51-year-old formalin embalmed male cadaver. This existence highlights attention during planning and implementation of radiological and surgical procedures involving the lower abdomen and pelvic visceral.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mchonde GJ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of proliferative activity of gnathic low-grade centrosteosarcoma: A report of 10 cases and review of literature
Context: Low-grade central osteosarcoma (LCOS) is a clinically less aggressive form of osteosarcoma that may mimic benign fibrosseous lesions both clinically and histopathologically. The lesion also shows bland cytologic features, which makes it difficult to diagnose. Irrespective of its histologic features, it has the potential to metastasise, therefore posing a significant mortality risk to the patient. Objective: The objective of the study was to highlight the proliferation index of low-grade central osteosarcoma using histochemical and immunohistochemical methods, using argyrophilic nucleolar organizer region (AgNOR) staining and MiB-1, respectively. In addition, the study aimed to assess the correlation of the histochemical and immunohistochemical methods. Materials And Methods: The study was a cross-sectional study in which histologically diagnosed cases of low-grade central osteosarcoma seen over the last 30 years at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital were retrieved and analysed for their proliferative index using AgNOR staining and MiB-1 immunohistochemical staining. Result: A total of 10 cases that met the selection criteria were retrieved. The mean PAgNOR of LCOS was 14% +/-4.97 while the PMiB-1 was 9.55% +/-4.49. Test of correlation between PAgNOR and PMiB-1 of LCOS showed a positive correlation (r =0.70). Conclusion: The study showed that although histologically, LCOS may appear bland, they have significant levels of proliferative activity. The significant positive correlation of AgNOR staining and MiB-1 showed that when there are logistical challenges to the use of immunohistochemistry, special stains can be used to assess the proliferative activity of lesions, especially in resource-deprived settings.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aforka EE, Nwokike IC, Anusiobi IW https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0